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The Effects of Governance on Classification Shifting and Compensation Shielding

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  • Jeong Hwan Joo
  • Sandra L. Chamberlain

Abstract

Prior research (e.g., Dechow, Huson, and Sloan ) documents that, on average, compensation practices appear to shield CEO pay from income†decreasing special items. In some circumstances, compensation shielding can be efficient. For example, it may encourage CEOs with earnings†sensitive pay to take an action that reduces current earnings but nevertheless enhances value. Compensation shielding can be inefficient in other circumstances, such as when a board of directors is captured by an overly powerful CEO or the magnitude of negative special items has been overstated (e.g., by shifting core expenses into special items). This paper explores whether strong governance can explain cross†sectional variation in compensation shielding, and whether stronger governance and auditing are associated with less shifting of expenses. We find that strong corporate governance mechanisms, as captured by board (and committee) independence, the Sarbanes†Oxley (2002) Act (SOX) and its related governance reforms, and switches to Big 4 auditors, are all associated with less compensation shielding. While our evidence suggests that strong overall governance is associated with a reduction in manipulation of core earnings through classification shifting in the cross†section, we find inconclusive evidence to suggest that board independence or SOX influence classification shifting.De précédentes études (dont celle de Dechow, Huson, et Sloan 1994) démontrent qu'en moyenne, les pratiques en matière de rémunération semblent protéger la rémunération des chefs de la direction contre les éléments spéciaux ayant pour effet de réduire les bénéfices. Dans certaines circonstances, la protection de la rémunération peut être efficiente. Elle peut, par exemple, encourager les chefs de la direction dont la rémunération est sensible aux bénéfices à prendre des mesures qui réduiront les bénéfices de l'exercice tout en améliorant la valeur de l'entreprise. Dans d'autres circonstances, la protection de la rémunération peut toutefois être inefficiente, par exemple lorsque le conseil d'administration est sous l'emprise d'un chef de la direction trop puissant ou que l'ampleur des éléments spéciaux négatifs a été surestimée (notamment à la suite de la conversion de dépenses de base en éléments spéciaux). Les auteurs se demandent si une gouvernance rigoureuse peut expliquer la variation transversale de la protection de la rémunération et si la rigueur accrue de la gouvernance et de l'audit est associée à une diminution de la conversion (changement de classification) des dépenses. Ils observent que de rigoureux mécanismes de gouvernance d'entreprise, qui se manifestent par l'indépendance du conseil d'administration (et des comités du conseil), la Loi Sarbanes†Oxley (2002) (SOX) et les réformes de la gouvernance qu'elle instaure, et le choix d'auditeurs appartenant aux Quatre Grands, sont tous associés à une diminution du comportement de protection de la rémunération. Bien que les données recueillies par les auteurs semblent indiquer, en analyse transversale, qu'une gouvernance globale solide est associée à une réduction de la manipulation des bénéfices tirés des activités principales au moyen de changements de classification des dépenses, les faits observés ne sont pas concluants quant à l'influence de l'indépendance du conseil ou de la SOX sur de tels changements de classification.

Suggested Citation

  • Jeong Hwan Joo & Sandra L. Chamberlain, 2017. "The Effects of Governance on Classification Shifting and Compensation Shielding," Contemporary Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 34(4), pages 1779-1811, December.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:coacre:v:34:y:2017:i:4:p:1779-1811
    DOI: 10.1111/1911-3846.12331
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    Cited by:

    1. Ahmed M. Abdalla & Colin D. B. Clubb, 2024. "Classification shifting using income-decreasing special items: measurement and valuation issues," Review of Accounting Studies, Springer, vol. 29(3), pages 2871-2926, September.
    2. Anagnostopoulou, Seraina C. & Gounopoulos, Dimitrios & Malikov, Kamran & Pham, Hang, 2021. "Earnings management by classification shifting and IPO survival," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 66(C).
    3. Alessandro Zattoni & Emmanouil Dedoulis & Stergios Leventis & Hans Van Ees, 2020. "Corporate governance and institutions—A review and research agenda," Corporate Governance: An International Review, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 28(6), pages 465-487, November.
    4. Junwei Lu & Xiaoxia Bu & Jing Chen, 2021. "Do inflowing sophisticated investors induce classification shifting? New evidence from market liberalisation in China," Accounting and Finance, Accounting and Finance Association of Australia and New Zealand, vol. 61(5), pages 6193-6223, December.
    5. Nagar, Neerav & Desai, Naman & Jacob, Joshy, 2021. "Do Big 4 auditors limit classification shifting? Evidence from India," Journal of International Accounting, Auditing and Taxation, Elsevier, vol. 42(C).
    6. He, Meng & Bai, Xuelian & Zhang, Junrui, 2024. "Does short selling reduce classification shifting?—— Exploration of market-oriented governance mechanism," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 93(C).

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