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Optimal Conservatism with Earnings Manipulation

Author

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  • Jeremy Bertomeu
  • Masako Darrough
  • Wenjie Xue

Abstract

This paper examines the role of conservatism when an agent can manipulate upcoming earnings before all uncertainty is resolved. An increase in conservatism, by reducing the likelihood of favorable earnings, requires steeper performance pay to maintain the same level of incentives, which in turn increases the equilibrium earnings manipulation. Trade†offs between inducing effort and curbing manipulation predict an interior level of conservatism as optimal. The optimal level of conservatism is positively associated with enforcement, economic profitability and earnings quality, and negatively associated with agency frictions. In particular, we show that more economically profitable firms choose to be more conservative. We also establish that the association between performance pay and manipulation identifies whether conservatism is optimally chosen or exogenously imposed. In an application to debt contracting, we show that optimal conservatism is negatively associated with borrowers’ bargaining power.Cette etude examine le rôle de la prudence comptable lorsqu'un gérant peut manipuler le compte de résultat. Une mesure plus prudente est telle que, pour un certain risque économique, la probability d'un bon résultat comptable est plus faible et, donc, se traduit par des bonus moins fréquents. Nous démontrons que le contrat de compensation du gérant doit s'ajuster en augmentant le niveau du bonus, ce qui conduit le gérant à d'avantage manipuler les resultats pour atteindre le bonus plus élevé. Un excès de prudence, par conséquent, peut donner lieu plus de manipulation. Notre théorie prédit un niveau de prudence optimal et, à l’équilibre, les entreprises avec de meilleures perspectives économiques, des mesures comptables de meilleure qualité ou moins de pouvoir de négociation avec leurs banques, choisissent un niveau de prudence supérieur.

Suggested Citation

  • Jeremy Bertomeu & Masako Darrough & Wenjie Xue, 2017. "Optimal Conservatism with Earnings Manipulation," Contemporary Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 34(1), pages 252-284, March.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:coacre:v:34:y:2017:i:1:p:252-284
    DOI: 10.1111/1911-3846.12247
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    Cited by:

    1. Ha, Joohyung & Feng, Mingming, 2018. "Conditional conservatism and labor investment efficiency," Journal of Contemporary Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 14(2), pages 143-163.
    2. Ivan Marinovic & Martin Szydlowski, 2019. "Monitor Reputation and Transparency," 2019 Meeting Papers 125, Society for Economic Dynamics.
    3. Sebastian Kronenberger & Volker Laux, 2022. "Conservative Accounting, Audit Quality, and Litigation," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 68(3), pages 2349-2362, March.
    4. Dordzhieva, Aysa & Laux, Volker & Zheng, Ronghuo, 2022. "Signaling private information via accounting system design," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 74(1).
    5. Lin Nan & Xiaoyan Wen, 2019. "Penalties, Manipulation, and Investment Efficiency," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 65(10), pages 4878-4900, October.
    6. Fouad Ben Abdelaziz & Souhir Neifar & Khamoussi Halioui, 2022. "Multilevel optimal managerial incentives and audit fees to limit earnings management practices," Annals of Operations Research, Springer, vol. 311(2), pages 587-610, April.
    7. Laux, Volker & Ray, Korok, 2020. "Effects of accounting conservatism on investment efficiency and innovation," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 70(1).
    8. Lu, Tong & Ruan, Lijun, 2024. "Coordination and Conservatism," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 61(C).
    9. Viana, Jr., Dante Baiardo C. & Lourenço, Isabel & Black, Ervin L. & Martins, Orleans Silva, 2023. "Macroeconomic instability, institutions, and earnings management: An analysis in developed and emerging market countries," Journal of International Accounting, Auditing and Taxation, Elsevier, vol. 51(C).
    10. Cui, Qinquan, 2019. "Quality investment, and the contract manufacturer’s encroachment," European Journal of Operational Research, Elsevier, vol. 279(2), pages 407-418.
    11. Rigamonti, Alessandro Paolo & Greco, Giulio & Capocchi, Alessandro, 2024. "Futures, provisional sales, and earnings management in the global gold mining industry," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 59(C).
    12. Qi Chen & Zeqiong Huang & Xu Jiang & Gaoqing Zhang & Yun Zhang, 2021. "Asymmetric Reporting Timeliness and Informational Feedback," Management Science, INFORMS, vol. 67(8), pages 5194-5208, August.
    13. Yanmin Gao & Alfred Wagenhofer, 2021. "Board monitoring efficiency and the value of conservative accounting," Journal of Management & Governance, Springer;Accademia Italiana di Economia Aziendale (AIDEA), vol. 25(2), pages 321-345, June.
    14. Laux, Christian & Laux, Volker, 2024. "Accounting conservatism and managerial information acquisition," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 77(2).

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