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Honor Among Thieves: Open Internal Reporting and Managerial Collusion

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  • John H. Evans
  • Donald V. Moser
  • Andrew H. Newman
  • Bryan R. Stikeleather

Abstract

Firms have increasingly adopted open work environments. Although openness is thought to have benefits, it could also expose firms to an unanticipated cost. An open (closed) internal reporting environment makes it more (less) likely that managers will observe a colleague's communications with senior executives. This increase in what one manager knows about another manager's communication to senior executives could facilitate employee collusion to extract resources from the firm. To test whether internal reporting openness results in more collusion, we conduct an experiment in which two managers each make separate reports to the firm about cost information they know in common but that remains unknown by the firm. Because both managers face the same truth†inducing contract, conventional economic theory predicts that they will not collude to misreport costs regardless of reporting openness. However, using behavioral theory involving trust and reciprocity, we predict and find that managers honor their nonbinding collusive agreements and successfully collude more often in an open versus closed internal reporting environment, leading to lower firm welfare in the open environment. These results suggest that firms should consider how the cost of collusion compares to the benefits of openness.Les sociétés adoptent de plus en plus des environnements de travail transparents. Même l'on estime qu'elle présente des avantages, la libre communication de l'information peut également exposer les sociétés à un coût imprévu. Un environnement d'information interne transparent (opaque) augmente (diminue) la probabilité que les gestionnaires observent les communications de leurs collègues avec la haute direction. La connaissance accrue que possède un gestionnaire de ce que communique un autre gestionnaire aux cadres supérieurs pourrait amener des employés à faire collusion dans le but de s'approprier les ressources de l'entreprise. Afin de vérifier si la libre communication interne favorise la collusion, les auteurs procèdent à une expérience dans laquelle deux gestionnaires présentent de part et d'autre à l'entreprise un rapport distinct au sujet d'information relative aux coûts dont ils sont tous les deux au fait, mais que l'entreprise ignore. Selon la théorie économique classique, les deux gestionnaires étant soumis au même contrat qui encourage l'honnêteté, ils ne devraient pas faire collusion dans le but d'altérer l'information qu'ils communiquent relativement aux coûts, peu importe la transparence de la communication. En s'appuyant sur la théorie behaviorale qui repose sur la confiance et la réciprocité, les auteurs prédisent et constatent toutefois que les gestionnaires respectent leurs accords collusoires non contraignants et font plus fréquemment collusion avec succès dans un environnement de transparence de l'information que dans un environnement d'opacité de l'information, ce qui fait que la prospérité de l'entreprise est moins grande dans un environnement de transparence. Ces résultats donnent à penser que les entreprises devraient soupeser le coût de la collusion par rapport aux avantages de la transparence.

Suggested Citation

  • John H. Evans & Donald V. Moser & Andrew H. Newman & Bryan R. Stikeleather, 2016. "Honor Among Thieves: Open Internal Reporting and Managerial Collusion," Contemporary Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 33(4), pages 1375-1402, December.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:coacre:v:33:y:2016:i:4:p:1375-1402
    DOI: 10.1111/1911-3846.12181
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    Citations

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    Cited by:

    1. Maas, Victor S. & Yin, Huaxiang, 2022. "Finding partners in crime? How transparency about managers’ behavior affects employee collusion," Accounting, Organizations and Society, Elsevier, vol. 96(C).
    2. Muhammad Irdam Ferdiansah & Vincent K. Chong & Isabel Z. Wang & David R. Woodliff, 2023. "The Effect of Ethical Commitment Reminder and Reciprocity in the Workplace on Misreporting," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 186(2), pages 325-345, August.
    3. Anthony D. Nikias & Steven T. Schwartz & Richard A. Young, 2021. "The effect of information transparency on capital budgeting with privately informed agents: a short research note," Journal of Management Control: Zeitschrift für Planung und Unternehmenssteuerung, Springer, vol. 32(2), pages 253-268, June.
    4. Maussen, Sophie & Cardinaels, Eddy & Hoozée, Sophie, 2024. "Costing system design and honesty in managerial reporting: An experimental examination of multi-agent budget and capacity reporting," Accounting, Organizations and Society, Elsevier, vol. 112(C).
    5. Markus Brunner & Andreas Ostermaier, 2019. "Peer Influence on Managerial Honesty: The Role of Transparency and Expectations," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 154(1), pages 127-145, January.
    6. Ruan, Qinnan, 2022. "Management control systems and ethical decision making," Other publications TiSEM 3b6dc74f-fd2a-48ef-b1a9-c, Tilburg University, School of Economics and Management.
    7. Arnold, Markus C. & Artz, Martin & Tafkov, Ivo D., 2024. "The effect of target transparency on managers’ target setting decisions," Accounting, Organizations and Society, Elsevier, vol. 112(C).
    8. Lan Guo & Theresa Libby & Xiaotao (Kelvin) Liu & Yu Tian, 2020. "Vertical Pay Dispersion, Peer Observability, and Misreporting in a Participative Budgeting Setting," Contemporary Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 37(1), pages 575-602, March.
    9. van Pelt, Victor, 2019. "A dynamic view of management accounting systems," Other publications TiSEM 782413b7-2830-4e6d-bc4c-3, Tilburg University, School of Economics and Management.
    10. Black, Paul W., 2023. "The effect of peer-to-peer recognition systems on helping behavior: The influence of rewards and group affiliation," Accounting, Organizations and Society, Elsevier, vol. 109(C).
    11. Anja Schwering, 2017. "The influence of peer honesty and anonymity on managerial reporting," Journal of Business Economics, Springer, vol. 87(9), pages 1151-1172, December.

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