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Regulatory Capital, Tax, and Earnings Management Effects on Loan Loss Accruals in the Canadian Banking Industry

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  • PETER CHEN
  • LANE DALEY

Abstract

. This paper examines the degree to which managerial discretion over accruals relating to loan losses in the Canadian banking industry during 1977–87 may have been utilized to manage regulatory capital, taxable income, and reported earnings. These years reflect a unique period in which accounting and regulatory practices differed significantly from the post†1987 period. These prior practices created different types of incentives and highlighted different policy issues such as the role of tax benefits in loan loss accrual decisions. We model a three†equation, simultaneous system around three annual discretionary choices: the amount of loan loss experience accrued (based on specific provisions), the size of reserve transfers to the Appropriation for Contingencies (based on general provisions), and the extent of external regulatory capital raised. Results indicate strong support for the capital maintenance predictions and weaker, but significant, support for the tax management predictions. Results do not support the predictions of the earnings management hypothesis. Résumé. Les auteurs examinent la mesure dans laquelle la discrétion dont jouissait la direction dans la présentation des montants cumulatifs des pertes sur prêts, dans le secteur bancaire canadien entre 1977 et 1987, pourrait avoir été mise à profit dans la gestion du capital réglementaire, du revenu imposable et des bénéfices publiés. Cette décennie est unique puisqu'elle se caractérise par le fait que les méthodes comptables et réglementaires présentaient des différences significatives par rapport à celles de la période postérieure à 1987. Les méthodes initiales ont donné naissance à différents types d'incitatifs et mis en relief des questions différentes relatives aux politiques, telles que le rôle des avantages fiscaux dans les décisions touchant les pertes sur prêts cumulatives. Les auteurs créent un modèle à partir d'un système de trois équations concomitantes, autour de trois choix annuels discrétionnaires: le montant cumulatif des pertes sur prêts qui sont subies (basé sur des dispositions précises), l'importance des transferts de réserves aux provisions pour éventualités (basée sur des dispositions générales), et l'importance du capital réglementaire externe recueilli. Les résultats confirment éloquemment les prédictions relatives au maintien du capital et de façon plus tempérée, mais néanmoins significative, les prédictions relatives à la gestion fiscale. Ils ne confirment cependant pas les prédictions relatives à la gestion des bénéfices.

Suggested Citation

  • Peter Chen & Lane Daley, 1996. "Regulatory Capital, Tax, and Earnings Management Effects on Loan Loss Accruals in the Canadian Banking Industry," Contemporary Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 13(1), pages 91-128, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:wly:coacre:v:13:y:1996:i:1:p:91-128
    DOI: 10.1111/j.1911-3846.1996.tb00493.x
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    6. Sandra L. Chamberlain, 1996. "Discussion of “Regulatory Capital, Tax, and Earnings Management Effects on Loan Loss Accruals in the Canadian Banking Industry†," Contemporary Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 13(1), pages 129-133, March.
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    3. Leslie Hodder & Mark Kohlbeck & Mary Lea McAnally, 2002. "Accounting Choices and Risk Management: SFAS No. 115 and U.S. Bank Holding Companies," Contemporary Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 19(2), pages 225-270, June.
    4. Adams, Mike & Hardwick, Philip & Zou, Hong, 2008. "Reinsurance and corporate taxation in the United Kingdom life insurance industry," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 32(1), pages 101-115, January.
    5. Dechow, Patricia & Ge, Weili & Schrand, Catherine, 2010. "Understanding earnings quality: A review of the proxies, their determinants and their consequences," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 50(2-3), pages 344-401, December.
    6. Jennifer J. Gaver & Jeffrey S. Paterson, 1999. "Managing Insurance Company Financial Statements to Meet Regulatory and Tax Reporting Goals," Contemporary Accounting Research, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 16(2), pages 207-241, June.
    7. Beatty, Anne & Liao, Scott, 2014. "Financial accounting in the banking industry: A review of the empirical literature," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 58(2), pages 339-383.
    8. Manfred Frühwirth, 2002. "The optimal timing of the transfer of hidden reserves in the German and Austrian tax systems," Intelligent Systems in Accounting, Finance and Management, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 11(2), pages 71-88, April.
    9. Giuseppe Iuliano & Gaetano Matonti, 2015. "Do big 4 audit companies detect earnings management and report it in the audit opinion? Empirical evidence from italian non-listed firms," ESPERIENZE D'IMPRESA, FrancoAngeli Editore, vol. 2015(2), pages 5-43.
    10. Rubi Ahmad & Mohamed Albaity, 2019. "The Determinants of Bank Capital for East Asian Countries," Global Business Review, International Management Institute, vol. 20(6), pages 1311-1323, December.
    11. Susana Callao & José I. Jarne & David Wróblewski, 2019. "A New Perspective on Earnings Management in Emerging European Countries: Investigation on Environmental Factors that Explain Differences in Earnings Management," Journal of Accounting, Business and Finance Research, Scientific Publishing Institute, vol. 7(2), pages 59-81.

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