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The economics of Canadian immigration levels

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  • Matthew Doyle
  • Mikal Skuterud
  • Christopher Worswick

Abstract

If immigration can benefit the Canadian economy, but must be limited to realize the benefit, what is the optimal level? The Canadian government is increasing immigration rates to levels not reached since the 1920s in the hope of addressing labour shortages and sluggish economic growth. We argue that economic immigration in the Canadian context should aim to raise GDP per capita in the population, including the newcomers, and examine the potential for increases in Canadian immigration rates to achieve this objective. Our analysis suggests that Canada is not well positioned to leverage heightened immigration to increase GDP per capita owing primarily to weak capital investment and quantity–quality tradeoffs in immigrant selection. We propose a policy rule for defining the optimal level of economic immigration. L'économie des niveaux d'immigration au Canada. Si l'immigration peut profiter à l'économie canadienne, mais qu'elle doit être limitée pour en tirer profit, quel est le niveau optimal? Le gouvernement canadien augmente les taux d'immigration à des niveaux jamais vus depuis les années 1920 dans l'espoir de contrer la pénurie de main‐d'æuvre et d'améliorer la piètre croissance économique. Nous soutenons que l'immigration économique en contexte canadien devrait viser à faire croître le PIB par habitant au sein de la population, y compris les nouveaux arrivants, et nous examinons la possibilité d'augmenter les taux d'immigration au Canada pour atteindre cet objectif. Notre analyse suggère que le Canada n'est pas bien placé pour tirer parti d'une immigration accrue afin d'accroître le PIB par habitant, principalement en raison du faible investissement en capital et des compromis entre la quantité et la qualité dans le choix des immigrants. Nous proposons une règle politique afin de définir le niveau optimal de l'immigration économique.

Suggested Citation

  • Matthew Doyle & Mikal Skuterud & Christopher Worswick, 2025. "The economics of Canadian immigration levels," Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d'économique, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 58(1), pages 109-135, February.
  • Handle: RePEc:wly:canjec:v:58:y:2025:i:1:p:109-135
    DOI: 10.1111/caje.12760
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