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Does Financial Inclusion Improve Income Equality? The Case of Türkiye

Author

Listed:
  • Erkişi Kemal

    (Antalya Bilim University, Antalya, Türkiye)

  • Boğa Semra

    (Final International University, Kyrenia, Cyprus)

Abstract

Income inequality has become an important economic and humanitarian problem for both advanced and emerging economies, especially with the increase in financialization trends. The equitable distribution of income has garnered attention in both developed and developing nations, given the rise in global trade and production. However, limited research has explored the impact of financial inclusion on income inequality. To address this gap, this study investigated the effect of financial inclusion on income inequality in Türkiye, contributing to the very limited literature. In this study, the financial inclusion variable is measured using a six-dimensional index encompassing financial institutions and financial markets with depth, access, and availability sub-dimensions. During the time frame spanning from 1980 to 2021, estimations of parameters are conducted employing cointegration regression techniques, including FMOLS, DOLS, and CCR. The analysis revealed that inflation, per capita income, urbanization, and financial inclusion have a negative impact on income equality, whereas education has a positive impact. A 1% rise in financial inclusion is associated with a proportional rise in income inequality of approximately 0.012%. Contrary to the findings of previous empirical studies in general, the increase in financial inclusion in Türkiye has a distorting effect on income equality. The findings of this study offer important implications for Türkiye. While the relationship between the financial inclusion indicator and income inequality is not negative, increasing the income of low-income groups across all financial sectors is likely to improve income equality.

Suggested Citation

  • Erkişi Kemal & Boğa Semra, 2023. "Does Financial Inclusion Improve Income Equality? The Case of Türkiye," Economics, Sciendo, vol. 11(2), pages 79-95, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:vrs:econom:v:11:y:2023:i:2:p:79-95:n:7
    DOI: 10.2478/eoik-2023-0049
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Philip Kofi Adom & Kwaku Amakye & Charles Barnor & George Quartey, 2015. "The long-run impact of idiosyncratic and common shocks on industry output in Ghana," OPEC Energy Review, Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, vol. 39(1), pages 17-52, March.
    2. Gerhard Kling & Vanesa Pesqué-Cela & Lihui Tian & Deming Luo, 2022. "A theory of financial inclusion and income inequality," The European Journal of Finance, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 28(1), pages 137-157, January.
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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Financial Inclusion; Income Inequality; FMOLS; DOLS; CCR;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • E2 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Consumption, Saving, Production, Employment, and Investment
    • E27 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Consumption, Saving, Production, Employment, and Investment - - - Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications

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