Innovation processes: from linear models to artificial intelligence

This study aims to map scientific publications, intellectual structure and research trends in the development of innovation process models and to characterise and compare them. Specifically, to identify the innovation process models and their characteristics, comparative analysis of the models, and predict the direction of development. A hybrid method was used, which involved many years of in-depth literature monitoring and comparative analysis based on a set of parameters developed by the authors. The results made it possible to identify and classify 15 various theoretical models of the innovation process (from M1 — linear to M15 with the AI contribution) development through categorisation according to five main features: C1 — complexity, C2 — openness, C3 — the role of technology, C4 — the participation of the market/users, and C5 — the form of presentation. This study identifies, explores, analyses and summarises the main ideas of innovation processes by identifying their models and characterising those specifics that can ensure international standards of excellence. The study provides an objective view of the existing innovation process models and the relevant studies that can guide managers in their decision-making innovation processes. This study is a first attempt at unveiling the evolution of knowledge in the field of existing innovation processes and their characteristics and comparative analysis. The presented models of innovation processes should constitute an indication for practitioners who can choose a model to be used in the economic practice of their organisation.