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Militarization and the Environment: A Panel Study of Carbon Dioxide Emissions and the Ecological Footprints of Nations, 1970-2000

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  • Andrew K. Jorgenson

    (Andrew K. Jorgenson is Assistant Professor of Sociology at the University of Utah. His comparative international research on society/nature relationships appears in Social Forces, Social Problems, International Sociology as well as many other journals and scholarly outlets. He is co-editor of the Journal of World-Systems Research as well as guest editor for special issues of Human Ecology Review and the International Journal of Comparative Sociology.)

  • Brett Clark

    (Brett Clark is an Assistant Professor of Sociology at North Carolina State University. He is the author, along with John Bellamy Foster and Richard York, of Critique of Intelligent Design: Materialism versus Creationism from Antiquity to the Present (Monthly Review Press, 2008). His recent publications include: "Carbon Metabolism: Global Capitalism, Climate Change, and the Biospheric Rift," coauthored with Richard York, Theory and Society (2005); and "Ecological Imperialism and the Global Metabolic Rift: Unequal Exchange and the Guano/Nitrates Trade," co-authored with John Bellamy Foster, International Journal of Comparative Sociology (2009).)

  • Jeffrey Kentor

    (Jeffrey Kentor is Professor and Chair of Sociology at the University of Utah, Editor of the International Journal of Comparative Sociology, and the 2009-2010 Chair of the Political Economy of the World System (PEWS) section of the American Sociological Association. His current research focuses on the impact of globalization on inequality, corruption, and political violence. Recent articles include, "Globalization, Development, and International Migration: A Cross-National Analysis of Less-Developed Countries, 1970-2000." (with Matthew Sanderson, forthcoming in Social Forces); "Bringing the Military Back in: Military Expenditures and Economic Growth 1990 to 2003." (with Edward Kick, Journal of World Systems Research, 2008); "Foreign Investment Dependence and the Environment: A Global Perspective" in Edward Kick and Andrew Jorgenson (eds.) Globalization and the Environment (with Peter Grimes, 2006); and "Foreign Capital Dependence and Development: A New Direction" (with Terry Boswell, American Sociological Review, 2003).)

Abstract

The authors situate treadmill of destruction theory in a comparative international perspective to assess the environmental impacts of national militaries. Results of cross-national panel models indicate that high-tech militarization in the form of expenditures per soldier contribute to the scale and intensity of carbon dioxide emissions as well as the per capita ecological footprints of nations. Likewise, all three of these environmental outcomes are positively associated with military participation in the context of the number of soldiers relative to the size of domestic populations. Overall, the findings support the proposed theorization and highlight the need for social scientists to consider the environmental and ecological consequences of nations' militaries, regardless of whether or not they are engaged in conflicts. (c) 2010 by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Suggested Citation

  • Andrew K. Jorgenson & Brett Clark & Jeffrey Kentor, 2010. "Militarization and the Environment: A Panel Study of Carbon Dioxide Emissions and the Ecological Footprints of Nations, 1970-2000," Global Environmental Politics, MIT Press, vol. 10(1), pages 7-29, February.
    • Handle: RePEc:tpr:glenvp:v:10:y:2010:i:1:p:7-29
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    Cited by:

    1. Chang, Chun-Ping & Wen, Jun & Dong, Minyi & Hao, Yu, 2018. "Does government ideology affect environmental pollutions? New evidence from instrumental variable quantile regression estimations," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 113(C), pages 386-400.
    2. Andrew Hargrove & Feng Hao & Jamie Marie Sommer, 2022. "Governing trade: a cross-national study of governance, trade, and CO2 emissions," Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences, Springer;Association of Environmental Studies and Sciences, vol. 12(4), pages 727-738, December.
    3. Cao, Qian & Feng, Zhiying & Yang, Runze & Yang, Cunyi, 2024. "Conflict and natural resource condition: An examination based on national power heterogeneity," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 89(C).
    4. Riti, Joshua Sunday & Shu, Yang & Riti, Miriam-Kamah J., 2022. "Geopolitical risk and environmental degradation in BRICS: Aggregation bias and policy inference," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 166(C).
    5. Wei, Taoyuan, 2011. "What STIRPAT tells about effects of population and affluence on the environment?," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 72(C), pages 70-74.
    6. Pata, Ugur Korkut & Destek, Mehmet Akif & Manga, Muge & Cengiz, Orhan, 2022. "Militarization of NATO Countries Sparks Climate Change? Investigating the Moderating Role of Technological Progress and Financial Development," MPRA Paper 117567, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    7. Feng, Yanchao & Sabir, Saeed Ahmad & Quddus, Abdul & Wang, Jianxin & Abbas, Shujaat, 2024. "Do the grey clouds of geopolitical risk and political globalization exacerbate environmental degradation? Evidence from resource-rich countries," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 89(C).
    8. Shakoor Ahmed & Khorshed Alam & Afzalur Rashid & Jeff Gow, 2020. "Militarisation, Energy Consumption, CO2 Emissions and Economic Growth in Myanmar," Defence and Peace Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 31(6), pages 615-641, August.
    9. Filiz Konuk & Emine Kaya & Sema Akpınar & Şule Yıldız, 2024. "The Relationship Between Military Expenditures, Financial Development and Environmental Pollution in G7 Countries," Journal of the Knowledge Economy, Springer;Portland International Center for Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET), vol. 15(1), pages 1087-1102, March.
    10. Wang, Kai-Hua & Su, Chi-Wei & Lobonţ, Oana-Ramona & Umar, Muhammad, 2021. "Whether crude oil dependence and CO2 emissions influence military expenditure in net oil importing countries?," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 153(C).
    11. Saba, Charles Shaaba, 2023. "Nexus between CO2 emissions, renewable energy consumption, militarisation, and economic growth in South Africa: Evidence from using novel dynamic ARDL simulations," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 205(C), pages 349-365.
    12. Kentor, Jeffrey & Clark, Rob & Jorgenson, Andrew, 2023. "The hidden cost of global economic integration: How foreign investment drives military expenditures," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 161(C).
    13. Floros Flouros & Victoria Pistikou & Vasilios Plakandaras, 2022. "Geopolitical Risk as a Determinant of Renewable Energy Investments," Energies, MDPI, vol. 15(4), pages 1-21, February.
    14. Kai-Hua Wang & Jia-Min Kan & Cui-Feng Jiang & Chi-Wei Su, 2022. "Is Geopolitical Risk Powerful Enough to Affect Carbon Dioxide Emissions? Evidence from China," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(13), pages 1-16, June.
    15. Balkrishna Rao, 2014. "Alleviating Poverty in the Twenty-First Century Through Frugal Innovations," Challenge, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 57(3), pages 40-59.
    16. Swapna Pathak, 2020. "Ecological footprints of war: an exploratory assessment of the long-term impact of violent conflicts on national biocapacity from 1962–2009," Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences, Springer;Association of Environmental Studies and Sciences, vol. 10(4), pages 380-393, December.
    17. Korhan K. Gokmenoglu & Nigar Taspinar & Mohammad Mafizur Rahman, 2021. "Military expenditure, financial development and environmental degradation in Turkey: A comparison of CO2 emissions and ecological footprint," International Journal of Finance & Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 26(1), pages 986-997, January.
    18. Ben Youssef, Slim, 2020. "The relationships between renewable energy, net energy imports, arms exports, and military expenditures in the USA," MPRA Paper 110959, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    19. Melike E. BILDIRICI, 2017. "Militarization, Economic Growth and Petroleum Consumption in Brazil, Russian, India, China, Turkey, South Africa and Mexico," ECONOMIC COMPUTATION AND ECONOMIC CYBERNETICS STUDIES AND RESEARCH, Faculty of Economic Cybernetics, Statistics and Informatics, vol. 51(2), pages 249-266.
    20. Olcay Çolak & Sevilay Ece Gümüş Özuyar & Ömer Faruk Bölükbaşı, 2022. "Asymmetric Effects of the Defense Burden on Environmental Degradation: Evidence from NATO Countries," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(1), pages 1-17, December.
    21. Chen, Limei & Gozgor, Giray & Mahalik, Mantu Kumar & Pal, Shreya & Rather, Kashif Nesar, 2023. "How does geopolitical risk affect CO2 emissions? The role of natural resource rents," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 87(PB).
    22. Sohag, Kazi & Taşkın, F. Dilvin & Malik, Muhammad Nasir, 2019. "Green economic growth, cleaner energy and militarization: Evidence from Turkey," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 63(C), pages 1-1.

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