Spatial factors associated with usage of different on-demand elements within mobility hubs: a systematic literature review

Mobility hubs offer a strategic opportunity to enhance multimodal transportation and reduce greenhouse gas emissions within the transport sector. Identifying the spatial factors determinants influencing the usage of mobility hub components is essential for policymakers and transport planners aiming to identify their optimal locations. This study undertakes a systematic literature review and ranking of spatial factors associated with the usage of key on-demand services within mobility hub elements, including bike sharing, scooter sharing, car sharing, ride hailing and taxi and electric vehicle charging stations. Utilising databases such as Web of Science, Google Scholar and Francis & Taylor, we evaluated 119 records, identifying 39 key factors from social and built environments that are associated with usage of the on-demand elements. Key findings highlight the significance of population density, employment density, proximity to public transport, recreational POIs and household income, along with a noted negative association with the factor slope. This research contributes to exploring how these factors align across various on-demand mobility services that can be potentially used for policymakers, and transportation planners in evaluating potential strategies for the optimal allocation and development of mobility hubs.