Optimising two dwell point policies for AS/RSs with input and output point at opposite ends of the aisle

Automated storage and retrieval systems (AS/RSs) are widely used for storing and retrieving products in all types of warehouses. Dwell point policy is a vital control policy that can greatly affect the performance of AS/RSs. In this paper, we study dwell point policies in AS/RSs with input and output stations at opposite ends of the aisle. We first propose two dwell point policies. We find that five existing dwell point policies in the literature are special cases of exactly one of our policies. We then develop expected travel time models for the proposed policies, solve these models with the objective of minimising expected travel time, and obtain closed-form solutions for the optimal dwell location(s). We prove that one proposed policy dominates the other in terms of expected travel time. Numerical experiments are performed to quantify the percentage gap of expected travel time between the proposed policies and policies in the literature. We find that, in some situations, the better proposed policy can achieve up to 8%–10% reduction in expected travel time in comparison with the best literature policy. A real-data case study validates that these situations arise with high probability in typical daily warehouse operations.