An ultrawide band monopole antenna using hexagonal-square shaped fractal geometry

Fractal geometry antennas are much sought after in present scenario of wireless communication due to ever increasing demand for high gain, wide bandwidth, low cost, compact size and easily deployable antennas. An ultrawide band monopole antenna using compact hexagonal-square shaped fractal geometry is proposed here, which nearly fulfils the above demands. The fractal geometry is introduced by iteration of square slots in the hexagonal radiating patch etched on a circular chunk. The proposed antenna achieves percentage bandwidth of 146% approximately ranging from $2.1 $2.1 to $13.5 $13.5 GHz with return loss of $-25 $−25 dB and voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) less than 2. It achieves maximum peak gain of 7.2 dBi at 11.7 GHz and an average gain of 3.9 dBi in the entire operating range of frequency, efficiency of 87.57% and good radiation pattern. A prototype of simulated antenna is developed and the tested results are validated using equivalent circuit model as well. The results are in conformity with each other. Therefore, the proposed design can be used for UWB applications such as Bluetooth ( $2.4 $2.4 GHz), LTE ( $2.3 $2.3 GHz), WLAN ( $2.4-2.48 $2.4−2.48 GHz), 5G, WiMAX ( $2.5-2.69/3.4-3.69/5.25-5.85 $2.5−2.69/3.4−3.69/5.25−5.85 GHz), military communication in C-band, satellite communication in X-band and S-band.