Comprehensive measurement and modeling in foliage environments using UHF UWB ground-based radar

The precise knowledge of the statistical properties of clutter plays a key role in radar target detection in foliage environments. Owing to a wealth of multiple scattering, the selection of an appropriate model for diverse foliage environments remains a conundrum. Thus the statistical modeling of the foliage clutter in different environments is focused on in this paper. In particular, the primary contribution is to characterize and parameterize the amplitude of the foliage clutter in three typical foliage environments of different densities, including line-of-sight (LOS) forest environment, non line-of-sight (NLOS) forest-penetration environment, and NLOS bush-penetration environment. Based on the real clutter data acquired with an ultra-high frequency (UHF) ultra-wideband (UWB) ground-based radar, the experimental results show that the specific foliage type and configuration has a significant impact on the distribution of foliage clutter. Furthermore, by means of Kullback–Leibler distance (KLD), log-logistic, $ {\mathcal{G}^0} $ G0 and $ \mathcal{G} $ G distributions with estimated parameters are demonstrated to be the best choice to model the clutter in the LOS forest environment, NLOS forest-penetration environment and NLOS bush-penetration environment, respectively. The proposed models are great advantages on understanding and prediction of the clutter in foliage environments.