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The devil is in the detail: reconceptualising bystander reactions to online political hostility

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  • Tanja Marie Hansen
  • Lasse Lindekilde
  • Simon Tobias Schulz Karg

Abstract

Online content moderation is often equated with platform-initiated take-downs and account suspensions. Counterspeech and other types of pro-social bystander behaviours present alternative approaches. They rely on the reactions of online bystanders to crowd-moderate hostile content. However, the current conceptual understanding of bystander reactions to hostility on social media is inadequate. What constitutes a reaction; what functions do specific reactions serve; and what audiences are reactions aimed at? Conceptual clarity is a prerequisite for studying the prevalence and consequences of pro-social bystander reactions. We therefore offer a novel unifying framework for conceptualising bystander reactions to online hostility: The Online Bystander Repertoire of Action (OBRA) Framework. This provides a foundation for future research on crowd-moderation, as it (1) combines insights across multiple research fields, (2) explicates the complex possible reactions beyond simplistic ‘reaction/no reaction’ distinctions and (3) draws attention to the degree of pro-sociality of bystander reactions – something that is often taken for granted.

Suggested Citation

  • Tanja Marie Hansen & Lasse Lindekilde & Simon Tobias Schulz Karg, 2024. "The devil is in the detail: reconceptualising bystander reactions to online political hostility," Behaviour and Information Technology, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 43(14), pages 3523-3536, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:taf:tbitxx:v:43:y:2024:i:14:p:3523-3536
    DOI: 10.1080/0144929X.2023.2282653
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