Human-centred public urban space: exploring how the ‘re-humanisation’ of cities as a universal concept has been adopted and is experienced within the socio-cultural context of Riyadh

Universal concepts in spatial planning, e.g. ‘re-humanisation’ of cities, have been adopted by many cities worldwide. However, spatial planning cannot be understood independently from its socio-cultural context. This paper uses the ‘culturized planning model’ to analyse the extent to which the application of universal spatial assumptions as an approach to Riyadh’s municipal programme, Humanizing the City, has created inclusive urban environments. The paper shows that relying solely on universal guidelines to achieve urban qualities was insufficient for creating inclusive public spaces. Gender norms and religious traditions influenced the provision of public space by reproducing gender-segregation, which contributed to women’s exclusion.