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Consumer Attitudes toward Responsible Entities in Sport (CARES): Scale development and model testing

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  • Matthew Walker
  • Bob Heere

Abstract

The advancement of empirical research on corporate social responsibility (CSR) has been hindered by the lack of an appropriate measure of CSR perceptions among sport consumers. Consequently, researchers have yet to fully explore the ways in which consumer's attitudes impact their responses to CSR. This article first describes (in Study 1) the development and validation of a self-report scale designed to measure consumer attitudes toward CSR in sport. Two data collections were conducted to test the seven-item, Likert-type Consumer Attitudes toward Responsible Entities in Sport (CARES) scale with two dimensions (i.e., cognition and affect). Evidence is presented confirming the scale's internal consistency, validity, and dimensionality. In the second phase, Study 2 examined the influence of the scale dimensions on actual consumer purchasing using structural equation modeling (SEM). Results suggest that the attitude scale for CSR can be a useful tool for sport academicians to gauge the effects of social efforts and social policy formation.

Suggested Citation

  • Matthew Walker & Bob Heere, 2011. "Consumer Attitudes toward Responsible Entities in Sport (CARES): Scale development and model testing," Sport Management Review, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 14(2), pages 153-166, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:taf:rsmrxx:v:14:y:2011:i:2:p:153-166
    DOI: 10.1016/j.smr.2010.08.001
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    Citations

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    Cited by:

    1. Walker, Matthew & Kaplanidou, Kiki & Gibson, Heather & Thapa, Brijesh & Geldenhuys, Sue & Coetzee, Willie, 2013. "“Win in Africa, With Africa”: Social responsibility, event image, and destination benefits. The case of the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa," Tourism Management, Elsevier, vol. 34(C), pages 80-90.
    2. Kellison, Timothy B. & Mondello, Michael J., 2012. "Organisational perception management in sport: The use of corporate pro-environmental behaviour for desired facility referenda outcomes," Sport Management Review, Elsevier, vol. 15(4), pages 500-512.
    3. Flöter, Thomas & Benkenstein, Martin & Uhrich, Sebastian, 2016. "Communicating CSR-linked sponsorship: Examining the influence of three different types of message sources," Sport Management Review, Elsevier, vol. 19(2), pages 146-156.
    4. Matthew Walker & Aubrey Kent, 2013. "The Roles of Credibility and Social Consciousness in the Corporate Philanthropy-Consumer Behavior Relationship," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 116(2), pages 341-353, August.
    5. Jaeman Son & Stephen W. Dittmore & Younghwan Choi, 2023. "Understanding the Relationship between Corporate Social Responsibility, Team Identification, and Behavioral Intention with the Mediating Effect of Satisfaction in Korean Professional Baseball League," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(10), pages 1-12, May.
    6. Hyun, Moonsup & Jordan, Jeremy S., 2020. "Athletic goal achievement: A critical antecedent of event satisfaction, re-participation intention, and future exercise intention in participant sport events," Sport Management Review, Elsevier, vol. 23(2), pages 256-270.
    7. Gianluca Gionfriddo & Francesco Rizzi & Tiberio Daddi & Fabio Iraldo, 2023. "The impact of green marketing on collective behaviour: Experimental evidence from the sports industry," Business Strategy and the Environment, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 32(8), pages 5349-5367, December.
    8. Goldsmith, Andrew L. & Walker, Matthew, 2015. "The NASCAR experience: Examining the influence of fantasy sport participation on ‘non-fans’," Sport Management Review, Elsevier, vol. 18(2), pages 231-243.
    9. Chen-Yueh Chen & Ya-Lun Chou & Chun-Shih Lee, 2021. "Social Innovation, Employee Value Cocreation, and Organizational Citizenship Behavior in a Sport-Related Social Enterprise: Mediating Effect of Corporate Social Responsibility," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(22), pages 1-10, November.
    10. Tayebeh Zargar & Steven Rynne, 2023. "The Corporate Social Responsibility Sport Model: Grounded Theory Approach," SAGE Open, , vol. 13(4), pages 21582440231, October.

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