The metamorphosis of external vulnerability from ‘original sin’ to ‘original sin redux’: currency hierarchy and financial globalization in emerging economies

How has financial globalization changed the nature of external vulnerability of emerging economies? To answer this question, we first present an overview of the changes in international capital flows and cross-border stocks involving emerging economies from the 1970s to the COVID-19 crisis and then identify relevant recent shifts in financial globalization. We adapt the concept of currency hierarchy to the most recent features of financial globalization. We deploy a stylized balance sheet analysis to better understand the metamorphosis of these economies’ vulnerabilities. We find the occurrence of the phenomenon of ‘original sin’ during financial internationalization. In contrast, in more recent times of financial globalization, the diversification of financial flows and investors and the increase of securities denominated in domestic currency have created additional channels of vulnerability, labeled as ‘original sin redux’. We find that the private sector in Southern economies is mostly exposed to these new vulnerabilities. At first sight, it is good news because it preserves the fiscal space of Southern States in the case of capital outflows. However, it might create new contingent liabilities for the public sector. We call for capital account regulation in a broad sense to target these new complex vulnerabilities.