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International trade openness and gender gaps in Pakistani labor force participation rates over 57 years

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  • Asma Hyder
  • Jere Behrman

Abstract

The extent of openness to international trade may alter incentives differentially by gender for labor force participation, particularly in economies in which gender differentials in human capital investments such as schooling are large and in which norms about gender behaviors are strong. This paper uses historical census data since 1951 and two recent Labor Force Surveys to investigate the impact of international trade openness on gender differences in labor force participation rates in broad occupational categories in Pakistan. The method used controls for average gender differences in these occupational categories and the unobserved factors that affect male and female labor force participation rates equally. The estimates indicate that increased international trade significantly reduces the gap between male and female labor force participation on average across all occupations. However, if responses are allowed to vary across seven broad occupational categories, the estimates suggest that the significant relative increases in female labor force participation are concentrated in agriculture and other primary occupations.

Suggested Citation

  • Asma Hyder & Jere Behrman, 2012. "International trade openness and gender gaps in Pakistani labor force participation rates over 57 years," Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 17(3), pages 367-382.
    • Handle: RePEc:taf:rjapxx:v:17:y:2012:i:3:p:367-382
    DOI: 10.1080/13547860.2012.694684
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Ismaël Fofana & John Cockburn & Bernard Decaluwé, 2005. "Developing Country Superwomen: Impacts of Trade Liberalisation on Female Market and Domestic Work," Cahiers de recherche 0519, CIRPEE.
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    Cited by:

    1. Pamela E. Ofori & Simplice A. Asongu & Vanessa S. Tchamyou, 2021. "The Synergy between Governance and Economic Integration in Promoting Female Economic Inclusion in Sub-Saharan Africa," Working Papers 21/071, European Xtramile Centre of African Studies (EXCAS).
    2. Pamela E. Ofori & Simplice A. Asongu & Vanessa S. Tchamyou & Raufhon Salahodjaev, 2023. "The Synergy between Governance and Trade Openness in Promoting Female Economic Inclusion in Sub-Saharan Africa," Working Papers 23/001, European Xtramile Centre of African Studies (EXCAS).
    3. Aboohamidi, Abbas & Chidmi, Benaissa, 2013. "Female Labor Force Participation in Pakistan and Some MENA Countries," 2013 Annual Meeting, February 2-5, 2013, Orlando, Florida 143097, Southern Agricultural Economics Association.
    4. Farha Fatema & Zhaohua Li & Mohammad Monirul Islam, 2017. "Trade Liberalization and Gender Inequality in Emerging Economies - from the Perspective of Sustainable Development Goals," Asian Economic and Financial Review, Asian Economic and Social Society, vol. 7(11), pages 1075-1092, November.

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