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Making use of the past: the Rwandophone question and the ‘Balkanisation of the Congo’

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  • Lars-Christopher Huening

Abstract

Since the end of the second Congo war (1998--2003), the eastern Congolese provinces of North and South Kivu have remained in a state of neither war nor peace. With the re-emergence of rebellion in mid 2012, tensions have again risen between self-styled ‘native’ or ‘autochthon’ groups, and populations of both Congolese Hutu and Tutsi, often called ‘Rwandophones’. Whereas the former groups fear a looming ‘Rwandophone rise’, which will supposedly usher in Congo's ‘Balkanisation’, Rwandophone Hutu and especially Tutsi are afraid of marginalisation and renewed persecution. This article historicises the powerful meaning and tenacity of current fears of the ‘other’ that stand behind prevalent identity-markers and concepts such as ‘Rwandophone’ and ‘Balkanisation’, and which continue to fuel the present Kivutien identity conflict. In this regard, the period from c .1990 to 1996 was especially formative in the emergence of conflicting identities and the concurrent radicalisation of Congo's political discourse. From the vantage point of Kinshasa's press, this article reconstructs how the use of selective memories, claims about and mythico-historical visions of the past were instrumental in shaping Rwandophone identity formation. [L'utilisation du passé : la question Rwandophone et la ‘Balkanisation du Congo’]. Depuis la fin de la deuxième guerre du Congo (1998--2003), les provinces de l'est du Congo, Nord-Kivu et Sud-Kivu, sont restées dans un état ni de guerre, ni de paix. Avec la réémergence de la rébellion à partir de la moitié de l'année 2012, des tensions sont de nouveau apparues entre des soi-disant groupes 'd'autochtones' ou 'd'indigènes' et des populations congolaises tant Hutu que Tutsi, souvent appelés ‘Rwandophones'. Alors que les groupes dits ‘autochtones’ craignent une ‘une montée imminente des Rwandophones’, laquelle conduirait vraisemblablement à une 'Balkanisation' du Congo, les populations dites ‘Rwandophone’, Hutu et en particulier Tutsi, craignent une marginalisation et une nouvelle persécution. Cet article retrace la puissante signification et la ténacité des peurs actuelles 'de l'autre' qui s'appuient sur des marqueurs d'identité existants et des concepts tels que la ‘Rwandophonie’ et la ‘Balkanisation', lesquels continuent d'alimenter le présent conflit d'identité dans les Kivu. À ce propos, la période de 1990 à 1996 était particulièrement décisive dans l'émergence d'identités opposées et de radicalisation simultanée du discours politique du Congo. Du point de vue de la presse de Kinshasa, cet article reconstruit la manière dont l'utilisation des souvenirs sélectifs, les revendications et les visions mythico-historiques du passé ont contribué à la structuration de la formation identitaire des Rwandophones. Mots-clés : Congo ; identité ; Rwandophones ; Rwanda ; Balkanisation ; Kivus

Suggested Citation

  • Lars-Christopher Huening, 2013. "Making use of the past: the Rwandophone question and the ‘Balkanisation of the Congo’," Review of African Political Economy, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 40(135), pages 13-31, March.
  • Handle: RePEc:taf:revape:v:40:y:2013:i:135:p:13-31
    DOI: 10.1080/03056244.2012.761603
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    Cited by:

    1. Hackenesch, Christine, 2015. "It’s Domestic Politics, Stupid! EU Democracy Promotion Strategies Meet African Dominant Party Regimes," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 75(C), pages 85-96.

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