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Domination & control in Tunisia: Economic levers for the exercise of authoritarian power

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  • Béatrice Hibou

Abstract

This article analyses the exercise of power in Tunisia. It does so by offering an explanation that differs from standard studies of authoritarianism, which generally focus on classifications, definitions, and terminological questions, and view power as something that can be possessed and thereby used. In contrast, the analysis here argues from two traditions within historical sociology; Weber's political economy and Foucault's analysis of the exercise of power, in order to demonstrate that techniques of domination are embedded in the most everyday economic mechanisms such as in the tax system, solidarity practices and the industrial mise à niveau. These practices serve both to advance the ‘economic miracle’ and simultaneously function as techniques of coercion and repression. An analysis of ‘privatisation of the state’ is then used to illustrate one mode of government and its attendant forms of domination. Contrôle et domination en Tunisie: les modalités économiques de l'exercice d'un pouvoir autoritaire A partir d'une critique des analyses dominantes de la relation entre «régime autoritaire» et «miracle économique» en Tunisie, cet article entend proposer une lecture originale des relations de pouvoir et des modes de gouvernement en faisant émerger les mécanismes d'exercice du pouvoir et les bases socio-économiques sur lesquelles il repose. A la croisée de deux traditions intellectuelles de la sociologie historique de l'Etat -- l'économie politique wébérienne et l'analyse foucaldienne de l'exercice du pouvoir et de la domination -- Béatrice Hibou suggère, d'une part, que les rouages économiques fondent aussi les relations de pouvoir qui autorisent la domination, et parfois la répression et, de l'autre, que ces pratiques peuvent tout aussi bien servir la coercition que permettre au miracle de se réaliser. Pour mettre en évidence ces ambivalences et l'incomplétude des logiques d'action, l'auteur entre dans le détail des pratiques économiques quotidiennes. La fiscalité, la mise à niveau et les négociations continues entre entrepreneurs et autorités politiques et administratives constituent un premier champ d'analyse: elles montrent la réalité de la contrainte, mais aussi bien des arrangements, des accommodements et même de l'adhésion. Cette dernière est en partie rendue possible par la prégnance du mythe réformiste, mythe partagé par tous, en partie par les avantages que les uns et les autres en retirent. L'analyse de la «privatisation de l'Etat» -- notamment dans sa modalité originale du 26.26, ce système de «dons» contraints et obligatoires -- constitue un second temps de la démonstration. En Tunisie, les modalités indirectes et privées de gouvernement ne sont pas contradictoires, ni incompatibles avec la tradition dirigiste et l'interventionnisme incessant. Elles doivent plutôt être analysées comme des techniques complémentaires dans l'art de gouverner, qui autorisent l'exercice d'une punition et d'une gratification, mais assurent également une sécurité économique et sociale. Elles participent du paternalisme et du contrôle social, et permettent simultanément contrôle et ascension sociale, surveillance et création de richesse. C'est pour cela aussi qu'il ne s'agit fondamentalement pas de répression et que si domination il y a, elle est souvent acceptée.

Suggested Citation

  • Béatrice Hibou, 2006. "Domination & control in Tunisia: Economic levers for the exercise of authoritarian power," Review of African Political Economy, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 33(108), pages 185-206, June.
  • Handle: RePEc:taf:revape:v:33:y:2006:i:108:p:185-206
    DOI: 10.1080/03056240600842628
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    Cited by:

    1. International Labour Office & International Institute for Labour Studies, 2011. "Tunisia : a new social contract for fair and equitable growth," Studies on Growth with Equity 467060, International Labour Office, Research Department.
    2. Jane Harrigan, 2011. "The Political Economy of Aid Flows to North Africa," WIDER Working Paper Series wp-2011-072, World Institute for Development Economic Research (UNU-WIDER).
    3. Harrigan, Jane, 2011. "The Political Economy of Aid Flows to North Africa," WIDER Working Paper Series 072, World Institute for Development Economic Research (UNU-WIDER).
    4. Corley-Coulibaly, Marva. & Khatiwada, Sameer. & Prasad, Naren. & Sekerler Richiardi, Pelin., 2011. "Tunisia : a new social contract for fair and equitable growth," Studies on Growth with Equity, International Labour Office, Research Department, number 994670603402676, January.
    5. Md. Muddassir Quamar, 2015. "Tunisia: Presidential and Parliamentary Elections, 2014," Contemporary Review of the Middle East, , vol. 2(3), pages 269-288, September.

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