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Rogues and Regulation in Global Finance: Maxwell, Leeson and the City of London

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  • Gordon Clark

Abstract

CLARK G. L. (1997) Rogues and regulation in global finance: Maxwell, Leeson and the City of London, Reg. Studies 31, 221-236. In this paper, I explore the culture of the finance industry in general and, in particular, the problems of dealing with socalled rogue behaviour in the context of regulation and regulatory regimes. The reference points for analysis are the recent cases of Robert Maxwell, the British entrepreneur who is thought by many to have systematically 'fleeced' his companies' pension funds to finance complex corporate deals, and Nick Leeson, the Barings trader (in Singapore) who, it is commonly believed, single-handedly bankrupted the bank. While no doubt provocative and the subjects of considerable speculation regarding their true motives, I argue that the Maxwell and Leeson cases are representative of a strategy of demonization and selective representation designed to protect the reputations of existing institutions. In this respect, I focus upon three issues: the representation of behaviour; the significance of an industry's culture for individual behaviour; and the scope of regulation. The paper includes a discussion of the flawed logic of explanations of individual behaviour that do not take seriously the context of behaviour. To illustrate, I begin with Mrs Maxwell's recent biography of her late husband and then concentrate on recent government reports and commentaries related to Leeson and the Barings' collapse. The paper concludes with an analysis of these issues with reference to the global regulation of the securities industry. CLARK G. L (1997) Les malins et la reglementation dans le domaine de la finance internationale: Ms. Maxwell, Leeson et la Cite, Reg. Studies 31, 221-236. Cet article cherche a examiner la culture de l'industrie de la finance en general et, en particulier, les problemes de comment s'occuper du comportement dit frauduleux dans le contexte de la reglementation et des regimes regulateurs. Les points de repere pour l'analyse sont les affaires recentes concernant M. Robert Maxwell, l'entrepreneur britannique cense avoir 'plume' systematiquemment les fonds de pension de ses compagnies afin de financer des affaires d'entreprise complexes, et M. Nick Leeson, l'operateur de Barings (employeau Singapour) qui, ou du moins c'est ce que l'on raconte, a ruine tout seul la banque. Alors que ces affaires-la donnent a penser et qu'il faut s'interroger sur les vrais motifs des sujets dont il s'agit, on affirme que les affaires Maxwell et Leeson constituent une strategie de demonisation et de representation selective visant la protection de la reputation des institutions existantes. A cet egard, l'article porte sur trois questions: la representation du comportement, l'importance de la culture d'une industrie quant au comportement de l'individu, et la portee de la reglementation. L'article discute de la logique imparfaite des explications du comportement des individus qui ne prennent pas au serieux le contexte du comportement. A titre d'exemple, on commence par la biographie recente de Mme. Maxwell au sujet de son defunt mari et puis on concentre sur des rapports et des commentaires gouvernementaux recents lies aa M. Leeson et au krach de Barings. Pour conclure, l'article analyse ces questions-la quant a la reglementation internationale de l'industrie des valeurs boursieres. CLARK G. L. (1997) Gauner und Vorschriften im Globalen Finanzgeschaft: Maxwell, Leeson und die Londoner Borse, Reg. Studies 31, 221-236. In diesem Aufsatz wird die Kultur der Finanzindustrie im allgemeinen untersucht, sowie die besonderen Probleme der Handhabung sogenannten Globalverhaltens im Zusammenhang mit Vorschriften und bestehenden Ordnungen. Der Bezugspunkt fur die Analyse sind die kurzlich aufgetretenen Falle Robert Maxwells, des britischen Unternehmers, von dem weithin angenommen wird, dass er die Pensionskassen seiner Gesellschaften systematisch 'ausgeplundert' habe, um komplexe korperschaftliche Geschafte zu finanzieren, und Nick Leesons, des Baringhandlers (in Singapur), von dem man in weiten Kreisen annimmt, dass er allein den Bankrott seiner Bank herbeigefuhrt habe. Obgleich zweifellos provokativ, und Gegenstand betrachtlicher Spekulation, was ihre wahren Motive betrifft, wird hier die These aufgestellt, dass die Falle Maxwell und Leeson fur eine Strategie der Verteufelung und selektiver Reprasentierung stehen, die dazu dient, das Renomme bestehender Institutionen zu wahren. In dieser Hinsicht behandelt der Aufsatz drei Themen: die Darstellung von Verhalten, die Bedeutung der Kultur einer Industrie fur individuelles Verhalten, und den Geltungsbereich von Vorschriften. Der Aufsatz enthalt eine Diskussion der fehlerhaften Logik bei Erklarungen individuellen Verhaltens, die den Zusammenhang des Verhaltens nicht ernst nehmen. Zur Veranschaulichung wird mit Mrs Maxwells kurzlich erschienener Biographie ihres verstorbenen Mannes begonnen; es folgen auf Leeson und den Zusammenbruch Barings eingehende Regierungsberichte und Kommentare der jungsten Vergangenheit. Der Aufsatz schliesst mit einer Analyse dieser Fragen im Lichte globaler Vorschriften fur die Wertpapier-und Effektenindustrie.

Suggested Citation

  • Gordon Clark, 1997. "Rogues and Regulation in Global Finance: Maxwell, Leeson and the City of London," Regional Studies, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 31(3), pages 221-236.
  • Handle: RePEc:taf:regstd:v:31:y:1997:i:3:p:221-236
    DOI: 10.1080/00343409750134656
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    Citations

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    Cited by:

    1. Niall Majury, 2007. "Technology and the Architecture of Markets: Reconfiguring the Canadian Equity Market," Environment and Planning A, , vol. 39(9), pages 2187-2206, September.
    2. Leigh Johnson, 2014. "Geographies of Securitized Catastrophe Risk and the Implications of Climate Change," Economic Geography, Clark University, vol. 90(2), pages 155-185, April.
    3. G L Clark, 1998. "The Anatomy of Corruption: The Practice of Pension Fund Trustee Decisionmaking," Environment and Planning A, , vol. 30(7), pages 1235-1253, July.
    4. Henry Wai-Chung Yeung, 2000. "Embedding Foreign Affiliates in Transnational Business Networks: The Case of Hong Kong Firms in Southeast Asia," Environment and Planning A, , vol. 32(2), pages 201-222, February.

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