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Global difference in the relationships between tourism, economic growth, CO2 emissions, and primary energy consumption

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  • Hong Shi
  • Xia Li
  • Han Zhang
  • Xiaojuan Liu
  • Taohong Li
  • Zhentao Zhong

Abstract

Understanding the difference of the multi-relationships between tourism, environment, and economic growth is an effective way to reduce inequality, but little is known about multivariate differences induced by different income levels. Thus, we empirically explored these multi-relationships between tourism, economic growth, CO2 emissions, and primary energy consumption at different development stages using a series of panel models, leading to enlightening results. A cointegration relationship exists between CO2 emissions and all other variables in all countries selected. CO2 emissions in low-income countries increase by 0.084% for a 1% increase in expenditure of inbound tourists per capita, and CO2 emissions in the low-income countries and high-income countries increase by 0.072% and 0.059%, respectively, for a 1% increase in the net inflow of international tourists. In addition, the lower the income countries, the greater the impact of tourism on CO2 emissions and the higher the income countries, the higher the number of feedback Granger causality. Our results imply that the differences in multi-relationships induced by different income levels are of great importance for government policy decisions.

Suggested Citation

  • Hong Shi & Xia Li & Han Zhang & Xiaojuan Liu & Taohong Li & Zhentao Zhong, 2020. "Global difference in the relationships between tourism, economic growth, CO2 emissions, and primary energy consumption," Current Issues in Tourism, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 23(9), pages 1122-1137, May.
    • Handle: RePEc:taf:rcitxx:v:23:y:2020:i:9:p:1122-1137
    DOI: 10.1080/13683500.2019.1588864
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    Cited by:

    1. Taner Akan & Halil İbrahim Gündüz & Tara Vanlı & Ahmet Baran Zeren & Ali Haydar Işık & Tamerlan Mashadihasanli, 2023. "Why are some countries cleaner than others? New evidence from macroeconomic governance," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 25(7), pages 6167-6223, July.
    2. Li, Li, 2023. "Commodity prices volatility and economic growth: Empirical evidence from natural resources industries of China," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 80(C).
    3. Wu, Haitao & Wang, Bingjie & Lu, Mingyue & Irfan, Muhammad & Miao, Xin & Luo, Shiyue & Hao, Yu, 2023. "The strategy to achieve zero‑carbon in agricultural sector: Does digitalization matter under the background of COP26 targets?," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 126(C).
    4. Phan, Thuy Chung, 2023. "Energy prices volatility, natural resource policy-making and green economic recovery in post COVID-19 era: Evidence from BRICS countries," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 87(PA).
    5. Ji, Yasheng & Zhou, Jinzhi & Yu, Min & Zhong, Wei & Yuan, Yanping, 2023. "A novel multi-function “Y-shape” heat pipe photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) system: Experimental study on the performance of hot water supply and space heating," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 218(C).
    6. Arunava Bandyopadhyay & Soumen Rej & Kashif Raza Abbasi & Ashar Awan, 2023. "Nexus between tourism, hydropower, and CO2 emissions in India: fresh insights from ARDL and cumulative fourier frequency domain causality," Environment, Development and Sustainability: A Multidisciplinary Approach to the Theory and Practice of Sustainable Development, Springer, vol. 25(10), pages 10903-10927, October.

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