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The Awkward Choices Facing the Baltic Worker: Exit or Loyalty

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  • Markku Sippola

Abstract

Low levels of social protection under the framework of neo-liberal ideology have characterized Baltic welfare regimes since the 1991 restoration of independence in these countries. The policies’ negative social consequences intensified during the years of austerity, 2007–2009. Although there have been trade union protests against the measures, these have been powerless and scattered. About 10% of the Latvian and Lithuanian workforce fled the country during the first decade of the 2000s, whereas an even greater proportion of the Estonian workforce has temporarily done so. In Albert O. Hirschman’s terms, “exit” occurs in the absence of “voice”. Moreover, disillusionment caused by deteriorating conditions and limited political choices generate a particular type of loyalty without a sense of influence.

Suggested Citation

  • Markku Sippola, 2013. "The Awkward Choices Facing the Baltic Worker: Exit or Loyalty," Journal of Baltic Studies, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 44(4), pages 451-473, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:taf:rbalxx:v:44:y:2013:i:4:p:451-473
    DOI: 10.1080/01629778.2013.779059
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    Cited by:

    1. Arunas Juska & Charles Woolfson, 2015. "Austerity, labour market segmentation and emigration: the case of Lithuania," Industrial Relations Journal, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 46(3), pages 236-253, May.
    2. Rolle Alho & Markku Sippola, 2019. "Estonian Migrants’ Aspiration for Social Citizenship in Finland: Embracing the Finnish Welfare State and Distancing from the ‘Non-Deserving’," Journal of International Migration and Integration, Springer, vol. 20(2), pages 341-359, May.
    3. K. B. Usha, 2014. "Social Consequences of Neoliberal Economic Crisis and Austerity Policy in the Baltic States," International Studies, , vol. 51(1-4), pages 72-100, January.

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