Math function-based controller combined with PI and PID applied to ultracapacitor based solar-powered electric vehicle

In the view of environmental concerns, the usage of electric vehicles (EVs) has increased more drastically than internal combustion (IC) engine-based vehicles. To diminish the load on the battery at peak power requirement, Hybrid Energy Storage System (HESS) was made by uniting battery and ultracapacitor (UC). HESS based electric vehicles always give better results than only battery-fed electric vehicles. The switching of sources according to the driving conditions was the main problem accompanying HESS based EVs. In this, the obstacle related to EVs is overcome by design a new control method, which is comprises two different controllers. With four separate math functions based on the coding by taking speed value as reference, a new controller is modelled, called a math function-based (MFB) controller. Further, a hybrid controller (HC) is constructed by integrating the MFB with a traditional controller to switch energy sources matching the motor’s speed. Based on the availability of solar energy, the battery charge and discharge periods are controlled. A relative study has been done between two HCs named MFB with Proportional–Integral–Derivative (PID) and MFB with Proportional–Integral (PI)-based on various time domain specifications.