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National Dependence and Public Perceptions: Understanding the Economic Determinants of Foreign Policy Preferences Toward China

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  • Benjamin Toettoe
  • Richard Turcsanyi

Abstract

The relationship between economic dependence and foreign influence has become an increasingly prominent topic in International Relations. However, academic studies and public discussion largely overlook that dependence could influence not only states’ official policies but also the foreign policy preferences of their populations. In addition, they simplistically assume that material dependence directly establishes influence without considering additional complexities brought on by actors’ perceptions of such realities. This could lead to misunderstandings regarding the mechanisms through which economic dependence leads to foreign influence. The problem is especially glaring in relation to China, whose economic clout has been argued to represent a key vector of its global influence. This article studies how economic dependence shapes the foreign policy preferences of populations around the world and, thereby, constitutes a vector of China’s international influence. We use novel public opinion data from more than 79,000 respondents in 54 countries to clarify the relative weight of material economic realities and public perceptions of them in shaping foreign policy preferences toward China. In doing so, we also establish the relative extent to which individuals base their preferences on an egoistic or sociotropic sense of economic self-interest. Our results illustrate that perceptions outweigh economic realities in shaping preferences on China. Furthermore, economic dependence has no uniform effects on national populations, suggesting that its effects are primarily expressed through egotropic ways. Our results suggest that the disconnect between perceptions of China’s economic importance and material realities needs to be closely considered when studying China’s international influence.Le sujet de la relation entre la dépendance économique et l’influence étrangère occupe désormais une place prépondérante en relations internationales. Cependant, les études académiques et le débat public omettent largement le fait que la dépendance pourrait non seulement influencer les politiques officielles des États, mais aussi les préférences de politique étrangère de leur population. En outre, ils supposent de manière simpliste que la dépendance matérielle établit directement une influence sans prendre en compte d’autres complexités apportées par la perception de ces réalités par les acteurs. Ainsi, des incompréhensions pourraient apparaître vis-à-vis des mécanismes par lesquels la dépendance économique conduit à l’influence étrangère. Le problème se perçoit tout particulièrement concernant la Chine, dont l’influence économique représenterait un vecteur clé de son influence mondiale. Cet article étudie la façon dont la dépendance économique façonne les préférences de politique étrangère des populations dans le monde et ainsi constitue un vecteur de l’influence internationale de la Chine. Nous avons recours à des données d’opinion publique inédites de plus de 79 000 participants répartis dans 54 pays pour clarifier le poids relatif des réalités économiques matérielles et des perceptions publiques de celles-ci quand il s’agit de façonner les préférences politiques à l’égard de la Chine. Ce faisant, nous établissons également la mesure relative dans laquelle les personnes fondent leurs préférences sur un sentiment égoïste ou sociotropique d’intérêt économique. Nos résultats illustrent le fait que les perceptions ont plus d’importance que les réalités économiques lorsqu’il s’agit de façonner les préférences à l’égard de la Chine. De plus, la dépendance économique ne s’accompagne pas d’effets uniformes sur les populations nationales, ce qui indiquerait que ses effets s’expriment principalement par des moyens égotropiques. D’après nos résultats, on doit s’intéresser de près à la déconnexion qui existe entre les perceptions de l’importance économique de la Chine et les réalités matérielles lors de l’étude de l’influence internationale de la Chine.

Suggested Citation

  • Benjamin Toettoe & Richard Turcsanyi, 2024. "National Dependence and Public Perceptions: Understanding the Economic Determinants of Foreign Policy Preferences Toward China," International Interactions, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 50(6), pages 941-974, November.
  • Handle: RePEc:taf:ginixx:v:50:y:2024:i:6:p:941-974
    DOI: 10.1080/03050629.2024.2409156
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