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Making sense of violence in semi-technologized conventional civil war: Evidence from nineteenth-century Japan

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  • Yuichi Kubota
  • Gaku Ito
  • Masataka Harada

Abstract

While existing studies highlight features of violence in conventional civil wars, they overlook how war technology is linked to the tactics of armed forces. To shed light on the understudied phenomenon of semi-technologized regular forces in a civil war, this article explores why and how violence is executed by such forces. To do so, we examine patterns of violence in the Boshin War that took place in Japan between 1868 and 1869. Our analyses of novel geocoded event data demonstrate that violent incidents occurred in strategically important locations but in ways that differed from conventional and guerrilla wars. Armed forces were unable to operate as technologically sophisticated forces do in modern conventional civil war due to limited logistics capabilities. Avoiding encounters in less accessible areas, the forces tended to fight in and contest areas that allowed them to establish relationships with local civilians. Additionally, violence against civilians was more likely to occur on the front lines where armed forces and civilians interacted because the former relied on the latter to convey provisions, arms, and ammunition. Unlike in conventional civil wars, military battles and one-sided violence were not unrelated to each other. With these findings, we address temporal, regional, and typological biases in civil war studies.Si bien los estudios existentes enfatizan las características de la violencia en las guerras civiles convencionales, estos estudios pasan por alto cómo se vincula la tecnología de guerra con las tácticas de las fuerzas armadas. Este artículo analiza, con el fin de arrojar luz sobre el poco estudiado fenómeno de las fuerzas regulares «semi-tecnologizadas» en una guerra civil, por qué y de qué manera estas fuerzas ejercen esta violencia. Para ello, estudiamos los patrones de violencia en la Guerra Boshin que tuvo lugar en Japón entre 1868 y 1869. Los análisis que realizamos de nuevos datos de eventos geocodificados demuestran que los incidentes violentos tuvieron lugar en lugares estratégicamente importantes, pero de maneras que diferían de las guerras convencionales y de las guerras de guerrillas. Las fuerzas armadas no pudieron operar de la misma manera que lo harían las fuerzas tecnológicamente sofisticadas en la guerra civil convencional moderna debido a las limitadas capacidades logísticas. Las fuerzas armadas evitaban encuentros en áreas menos accesibles y tendían a luchar y a disputar áreas que les permitieran establecer relaciones con civiles locales. Además, era más probable que la violencia contra civiles tuviera lugar en las líneas del frente donde las fuerzas armadas y los civiles interactuaban debido a que las fuerzas armadas dependían de los civiles para transportar provisiones, armas y municiones. En contraposición a las guerras civiles convencionales, las batallas militares y la violencia unilateral no eran independientes una de la otra. Con estas conclusiones, abordamos los sesgos temporales, regionales y tipológicos en los estudios de la guerra civil.Bien que les études actuelles mettent en évidence les caractéristiques de la violence lors des guerres civiles traditionnelles, elles omettent la relation entre la technologie et les tactiques militaires. Pour expliquer ce phénomène sous-étudié, notre article analyse pourquoi et comment les forces traditionnelles semi-technologisées ont recours à la violence dans une guerre civile. Pour ce faire, nous étudions des schémas de violence au cours de la guerre de Boshin qui a sévi au Japon de 1868 à 1869. Nos analyses de données géocodées inédites sur cet événement montrent que des incidents violents ont eu lieu dans des lieux stratégiques, mais pas de la même façon que dans les guerres traditionnelles ou guérillas. La limitation de leurs capacités logistiques empêchait les forces armées d’intervenir comme elles l’auraient fait si elles bénéficiaient de technologies sophistiquées dans des guerres civiles traditionnelles modernes. Elles évitaient les rencontres dans les zones aux accès limités, préférant se battre pour le contrôle d’espaces qui leur permettaient d’établir des relations avec la population locale. En outre, les violences contre les populations civiles survenaient plus souvent sur le front, lors des interactions avec les forces armées en quête de provisions, d’armes et de munitions. À la différence des guerres civiles traditionnelles, il existait des liens entre les batailles militaires et la violence unilatérale. Grâce à nos observations, nous étudions les biais temporels, régionaux et typologiques des études sur les guerres civiles.

Suggested Citation

  • Yuichi Kubota & Gaku Ito & Masataka Harada, 2023. "Making sense of violence in semi-technologized conventional civil war: Evidence from nineteenth-century Japan," International Interactions, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 49(3), pages 401-423, May.
  • Handle: RePEc:taf:ginixx:v:49:y:2023:i:3:p:401-423
    DOI: 10.1080/03050629.2023.2180501
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