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Modeling Gender Effects of Pakistan's Trade Liberalization

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  • Rizwana Siddiqui

Abstract

This study uses a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model specially constructed for investigating gender dimensions of the effects of trade liberalization in Pakistan in both production and consumption. The model employs various indicators to measure the gendered impacts, including income poverty (Foster-Greer-Thorbecke [FGT] Indices), time poverty (leisure), capability poverty (literacy and infant mortality), and welfare (Equivalent Variation [EV]). The simulation results show that revenue-neutral trade liberalization in Pakistan increased women's employment in unskilled jobs and increased women's real wage income more than men's for all types of labor, but kept the division of labor biased against women. The study finds that Pakistan's trade liberalization adversely affected women in relatively poor households by increasing their workload, deteriorating capabilities, and increasing relative income poverty. However, the effects remained gender neutral or favored women in the richest group of households.

Suggested Citation

  • Rizwana Siddiqui, 2009. "Modeling Gender Effects of Pakistan's Trade Liberalization," Feminist Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 15(3), pages 287-321.
    • Handle: RePEc:taf:femeco:v:15:y:2009:i:3:p:287-321
    DOI: 10.1080/13545700902964295
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Rizwana Siddiqui, 2008. "Income, Public Social Services, and Capability Development : A Cross-district Analysis of Pakistan," Development Economics Working Papers 22221, East Asian Bureau of Economic Research.
    2. White, Howard & Masset, Edoardo, 2002. "Child poverty in Vietnam: using adult equivalence scales to estimate income-poverty for different age groups," MPRA Paper 777, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    3. Martin Browning & Pierre-André Chiappori & Arthur Lewbel, 2013. "Estimating Consumption Economies of Scale, Adult Equivalence Scales, and Household Bargaining Power," The Review of Economic Studies, Review of Economic Studies Ltd, vol. 80(4), pages 1267-1303.
    4. Haddad, Lawrence & Hoddinott, John & Alderman, Harold & DEC, 1994. "Intrahousehold resource allocation : an overview," Policy Research Working Paper Series 1255, The World Bank.
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    Citations

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    Cited by:

    1. Aram Sepehrivand, 2017. "The Effect of Government Size and Trade Openness on Gender Wage Gap in Developing Countries during 2001–2013," The Indian Journal of Labour Economics, Springer;The Indian Society of Labour Economics (ISLE), vol. 60(3), pages 501-515, September.
    2. Isis Gaddis & Janneke Pieters, 2017. "The Gendered Labor Market Impacts of Trade Liberalization: Evidence from Brazil," Journal of Human Resources, University of Wisconsin Press, vol. 52(2), pages 457-490.
    3. Martin Cicowiez & Hans Lofgren & Ana Tribin & Tatiana Mojica, 2023. "Women's market and childcare policies in Colombia: policy simulations using a computable general equilibrium model," Philippine Review of Economics, University of the Philippines School of Economics and Philippine Economic Society, vol. 60(1), pages 65-98, June.
    4. Ambel,Alemayehu A. & Tesfaye,Wondimagegn Mesfin & Yonis,Manex Bule, 2022. "A Gendered Fiscal Incidence Analysis for Ethiopia : Evidence from Individual-Level Data," Policy Research Working Paper Series 10130, The World Bank.
    5. Escalante, Luis Enrique & Maisonnave, Helene, 2022. "Impacts of climate disasters on women and food security in Bolivia," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 116(C).
    6. Lofgren, Hans & Fontana, Marzia & Kim, Kijong, 2018. "Care in an Aging East Asian Economy: Policy options and impacts on households and labor markets," Conference papers 333004, Purdue University, Center for Global Trade Analysis, Global Trade Analysis Project.
    7. Audi, Marc & Ali, Amjad, 2016. "Gender Gap and Trade Liberalization: An Analysis of some selected SAARC countries," MPRA Paper 83520, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    8. Martin SAWADOGO & Gountiéni Damien LANKOANDE & Alain SIRI, 2023. "Effet du commerce intracommunautaire sur l’emploi féminin dans l’espace UEMOA," Region et Developpement, Region et Developpement, LEAD, Universite du Sud - Toulon Var, vol. 58, pages 5-20.
    9. Siddiqui, Rizwana, 2009. "Pakistan: Migration, Remittances, and Development," MPRA Paper 90152, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 2010.
    10. Yüksel OKÞAK & Jülide YALÇINKAYA KOYUNCU, 2017. "Does globalization affect female labor force participation: Panel evidence," Journal of Economics Bibliography, KSP Journals, vol. 4(4), pages 381-387, December.
    11. Luis Enrique Escalante & Helene Maisonnave, 2023. "Assessing the impacts of climate change on women's poverty: A Bolivian case study," Journal of International Development, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 35(5), pages 884-896, July.
    12. Ul Haque, Nadeem & Siddiqui, Rizwana, 2007. "Nominal and Effective Rates of Protection by Industry in Pakistan: A Tariff Based Analysis," MPRA Paper 90347, University Library of Munich, Germany, revised 2016.

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Capabilities; gender; poverty; trade liberalization; JEL Codes: C68; J16; O24;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • C68 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Mathematical Methods; Programming Models; Mathematical and Simulation Modeling - - - Computable General Equilibrium Models
    • J16 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demographic Economics - - - Economics of Gender; Non-labor Discrimination
    • O24 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Development Planning and Policy - - - Trade Policy; Factor Movement; Foreign Exchange Policy

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