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Corporate Risk Disclosure and Audit Fee: A Text Mining Approach

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  • Rong Yang
  • Yang Yu
  • Manlu Liu
  • Kean Wu

Abstract

The aim of this study is to introduce an innovative text mining approach to assess firms' risks using unstructured textual disclosure from annual reports. Specifically, we use Natural Language Processing techniques to extract firms' self-identified risks including financial, strategic, operational, and hazard risks based on an enterprise risk management framework. We examine the association between these four risk measures derived from the risk factor section in 10-K filings and audit fees. The results show that audit fees are significantly and positively related to firm-specific financial, strategic, and operational risks, indicating the informativeness of corporate textual risk disclosures. This study provides direct support for the recent US reporting regulatory requirement of adding a new section on risk factors in corporate annual reports.

Suggested Citation

  • Rong Yang & Yang Yu & Manlu Liu & Kean Wu, 2018. "Corporate Risk Disclosure and Audit Fee: A Text Mining Approach," European Accounting Review, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 27(3), pages 583-594, May.
  • Handle: RePEc:taf:euract:v:27:y:2018:i:3:p:583-594
    DOI: 10.1080/09638180.2017.1329660
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    Cited by:

    1. Wu, Bin & Li, Anqi & Zhang, Wen, 2024. "Clients' strategic change and auditor behavior: Evidence from audit adjustments and audit fees," Advances in accounting, Elsevier, vol. 64(C).
    2. Lin, Sin-Jin & Zeng, Jhih-Hong & Chang, Te-Min & Hsu, Ming-Fu, 2024. "Linguistic complexity consideration for advanced risk decision making and handling," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 69(C).
    3. Cristina Ortega-Rodríguez & Ana Licerán-Gutiérrez & Antonio Luis Moreno-Albarracín, 2020. "Transparency as a Key Element in Accountability in Non-Profit Organizations: A Systematic Literature Review," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(14), pages 1-22, July.
    4. Eulaiwi, Baban & Al-Hadi, Ahmed & Taylor, Grantley & Dutta, Saurav & Duong, Lien & Richardson, Grant, 2021. "Tax haven Use, the pricing of audit and Non-audit Services, suspicious matters reporting obligations and whistle blower hotline Facilities: Evidence from Australian financial corporations," Journal of Contemporary Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 17(2).
    5. Camacho-Miñano, María-del-Mar & Muñoz-Izquierdo, Nora & Pincus, Morton & Wellmeyer, Patricia, 2024. "Are key audit matter disclosures useful in assessing the financial distress level of a client firm?," The British Accounting Review, Elsevier, vol. 56(2).
    6. Ding, Xin & Chourou, Lamia & Ben-Amar, Walid, 2024. "Carbon emissions and audit fees: Evidence from emerging markets," Emerging Markets Review, Elsevier, vol. 60(C).
    7. Wu, Bin & Wu, Yaqian & Zhang, Min & Li, Jiyuan, 2024. "Opening the black box of human resource allocations in audit firms: The assignment of audit partners to audit engagements," The British Accounting Review, Elsevier, vol. 56(2).
    8. Xu, Xiaodong & Mu, Yayu & Wang, Juan, 2023. "Corporate risk and financial asset holdings," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 81(C).
    9. Jia, Jing & Li, Zhongtian, 2022. "Risk management committees and readability of risk management disclosure," Journal of Contemporary Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 18(3).
    10. Baban Eulaiwi & Ahmed Al‐Hadi & Lien Duong & Keira Clark & Grantley Taylor & Brian Perrin, 2022. "Audit pricing and corporate whistleblower governance: evidence from Australian financial firms," Accounting and Finance, Accounting and Finance Association of Australia and New Zealand, vol. 62(2), pages 2339-2384, June.
    11. Muhammad Farhan Malik & Yuan George Shan & Jamie Yixing Tong, 2022. "Do auditors price litigious tone?," Accounting and Finance, Accounting and Finance Association of Australia and New Zealand, vol. 62(S1), pages 1715-1760, April.
    12. Santos Inês Borges & Pinto Inês & Morais Ana Isabel, 2023. "Audit Committee’s Characteristics and the Cost of Debt," Journal of Intercultural Management, Sciendo, vol. 15(1), pages 66-93, March.
    13. Hyoung-Joo Lim & Dafydd Mali, 2024. "An analysis of the effect of audit effort (hours) on stock price volatility: evidence of increasing demand reducing uncertainty," International Journal of Disclosure and Governance, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 21(3), pages 359-375, September.
    14. Yanci Zhang & Mengjia Xia & Mingyang Li & Haitao Mao & Yutong Lu & Yupeng Lan & Jinlin Ye & Rui Dai, 2023. "Form 10-K Itemization," Papers 2303.04688, arXiv.org.
    15. Düsterhöft, Maximilian & Schiemann, Frank & Walther, Thomas, 2023. "Let’s talk about risk! Stock market effects of risk disclosure for European energy utilities," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 125(C).
    16. Senave, Elseline & Jans, Mieke J. & Srivastava, Rajendra P., 2023. "The application of text mining in accounting," International Journal of Accounting Information Systems, Elsevier, vol. 50(C).
    17. Markus Widmann & Florian Follert & Matthias Wolz, 2021. "What is it going to cost? Empirical evidence from a systematic literature review of audit fee determinants," Management Review Quarterly, Springer, vol. 71(2), pages 455-489, April.
    18. Sun, Xiaowei & Zheng, Tianyu & Wang, Zehao & Li, Peigong, 2024. "Risk factors disclosure and corporate philanthropy," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 93(C).

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