Nonparametric estimation of mediation effects with a general treatment

To investigate causal mechanisms, causal mediation analysis decomposes the total treatment effect into the natural direct and indirect effects. This article examines the estimation of the direct and indirect effects in a general treatment effect model, where the treatment can be binary, multi-valued, continuous, or a mixture. We propose generalized weighting estimators with weights estimated by solving an expanding set of equations. Under some sufficient conditions, we show that the proposed estimators are consistent and asymptotically normal. Specifically, when the treatment is discrete, the proposed estimators attain semiparametric efficiency bounds. Meanwhile, when the treatment is continuous, the convergence rates of the proposed estimators are slower than N−1/2; however, they are still more efficient than those constructed from the true weighting function. A simulation study reveals that our estimators exhibit satisfactory finite-sample performance, while an application shows their practical value.