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Military Spending and Economic Growth in Turkey: A Wavelet Approach

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  • Usman Khalid
  • Olivier Habimana

Abstract

This paper employs a wavelet approach to investigate the relationship between economic growth and military spending in a time-frequency domain for the case of Turkey. Turkey presents an interesting case for analysis of military spending and economic growth, as its geopolitical position and history of insurgencies and separatist violence oblige the country to devote an unusually large share of the central government budget to national defence. Timescale regression analysis reveals that military expenditures have significant negative effects on growth in per capita GDP at business cycles of 16 years and longer. Timescale Granger causality analysis indicates that per capita GDP growth responds to movements in military expenditures at business cycles of eight years and above and that this result is very significant. Wavelet coherency analysis corroborates these findings, indicating a significant negative long-run co-movement at business cycles of 16 years and longer. Thus, the neoclassical prediction that military spending may promote growth does not hold in the case of Turkey, at least in the long run. Furthermore, the analysis reveals that, in the long run, military spending has been leading rather than lagging economic growth.

Suggested Citation

  • Usman Khalid & Olivier Habimana, 2021. "Military Spending and Economic Growth in Turkey: A Wavelet Approach," Defence and Peace Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 32(3), pages 362-376, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:taf:defpea:v:32:y:2021:i:3:p:362-376
    DOI: 10.1080/10242694.2019.1664865
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Ramsey James B. & Lampart Camille, 1998. "The Decomposition of Economic Relationships by Time Scale Using Wavelets: Expenditure and Income," Studies in Nonlinear Dynamics & Econometrics, De Gruyter, vol. 3(1), pages 1-22, April.
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    3. Patrick M. Crowley, 2007. "A Guide To Wavelets For Economists," Journal of Economic Surveys, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 21(2), pages 207-267, April.
    4. Sims, Christopher A, 1972. "Money, Income, and Causality," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 62(4), pages 540-552, September.
    5. Kurt Graden Lunsford, 2017. "Productivity Growth and Real Interest Rates in the Long Run," Economic Commentary, Federal Reserve Bank of Cleveland, issue November.
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    Cited by:

    1. Hanson Robert & Jeon Joo Young, 2024. "The Military Expenditure – Economic Growth Nexus Revisited: Evidence from the United Kingdom," Peace Economics, Peace Science, and Public Policy, De Gruyter, vol. 30(2), pages 207-248.
    2. Luqman, Muhammad & Antonakakis, Nikolaos, 2021. "Guns better than butter in Pakistan? The dilemma of military expenditure, human development, and economic growth," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 173(C).
    3. Ramazan ErdaÄŸ, 2021. "Security Environment and Military Spending of Turkey in the 2000s," Contemporary Review of the Middle East, , vol. 8(1), pages 120-139, March.
    4. Wen-Min Lu & Qian Long Kweh & Kang-Fu Chen, 2021. "How do peace dividends bring about human development and productivity?," Annals of Operations Research, Springer, vol. 306(1), pages 435-452, November.
    5. Shreesh Chary, 2023. "The nexus between arms imports, military expenditures and economic growth of the top arms importers in the world: a pooled mean group approach," Journal of Economic Studies, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, vol. 51(4), pages 808-822, August.
    6. Cristian C. Popescu & Laura Diaconu (Maxim), 2021. "Government Spending and Economic Growth: A Cointegration Analysis on Romania," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(12), pages 1-16, June.
    7. Abdul Rehman & Hengyun Ma & Rafael Alvarado & Fayyaz Ahmad, 2023. "The nexus of military, final consumption expenditures, total reserves, and economic development of Pakistan," Economic Change and Restructuring, Springer, vol. 56(3), pages 1753-1776, June.
    8. Tsitouras Antonis & Tsounis Nicholas, 2024. "Military Outlays and Economic Growth: A Nonlinear Disaggregated Analysis for a Developed Economy," Peace Economics, Peace Science, and Public Policy, De Gruyter, vol. 30(3), pages 341-391.

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