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Migrants in the throes of multiple crises: fragmented state authority, informal networks and forced (im)mobilities in Libya

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  • Eyene Okpanachi
  • Christian Kaunert

Abstract

This article investigates the influence of non-state actors’ activities on migrants’ journeys and the resulting phenomena of ‘stranded migrants’ and forced (im)mobilities in Libya. Due to the intense instability in Libya in the post-Gaddafi era and increasing restrictions on EU borders, return migration became a major plank of the EU’s migration policy. The article examines the distinct nature of the European Union’s externalisation policies and practices regarding migration. Specifically, it explores how these policies, when implemented in politically unstable contexts such as Libya, involve armed actors (or militias) who enforce immigration control through the use of violence against migrants. As a result of these practices, distinct dynamics of multi-level governance (MLG) have emerged, in which informal non-state actors play leading roles in the complicated nexus between informality and formality, making migration to Europe and the return of stranded migrants to their home countries difficult.

Suggested Citation

  • Eyene Okpanachi & Christian Kaunert, 2024. "Migrants in the throes of multiple crises: fragmented state authority, informal networks and forced (im)mobilities in Libya," Third World Quarterly, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 45(17-18), pages 2391-2409, December.
  • Handle: RePEc:taf:ctwqxx:v:45:y:2024:i:17-18:p:2391-2409
    DOI: 10.1080/01436597.2023.2290674
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