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Kazakhstan’s leverage and economic diversification amid Chinese connectivity dreams

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  • Linda Yin-nor Tjia

Abstract

Since its independence, Kazakhstan has adopted a multi-vectorism approach to balance between various great powers, especially between Russia and China. Despite extensive theorisation of such foreign policy, scholarly research has rarely investigated the topic beyond diplomatic power dynamics. Based on a systematic search of China’s joint projects in Kazakhstan in the past 30 years, this paper illuminates several unexpected developmental intricacies based on Kazakhstan’s multi-vectorism, its geo-strategic location, the availability of oil-driven sovereign wealth funds, and the public pressure for more responsible industrial policies: (1) China’s ambition to connect to the West has unintentionally amplified Kazakhstan’s multi-vector bargaining power; (2) Kazakhstan’s industrial policies, supported by various financial tools backed by its oil-driven sovereign wealth funds, are integral to its multi-sector economic development and diversification of exports to include more high-value intermediate and consumer goods; and (3) shown via a case study on Kazakhstan’s agricultural development, initial state-level negotiation and sub-national implementation, coupled with a mix of Sinophobic and Sinophilic sentiments, have led to a nuanced path of economic diversification. Given the authoritarian legacy in both China and Kazakhstan, empirical research to compare industry-specific development variations would be enlightening for developing economies to design optimal paths to leverage China’s rising dream and capital.

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  • Linda Yin-nor Tjia, 2022. "Kazakhstan’s leverage and economic diversification amid Chinese connectivity dreams," Third World Quarterly, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 43(4), pages 797-822, April.
    • Handle: RePEc:taf:ctwqxx:v:43:y:2022:i:4:p:797-822
    DOI: 10.1080/01436597.2022.2027237
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    Cited by:

    1. Heim, Irina & Kalyuzhnova, Yelena & Ghobadian, Abby, 2023. "Win-win strategies for firms operating in resource-abundant countries: Technological spillovers and a collaborative diversification policy," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 83(C).
    2. Guanie Lim & Chen Li & Wellington N.K Aweke, 2024. "The UK’s New Sovereign Wealth Fund: Some Preliminary Observations," GRIPS Discussion Papers 24-09, National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies.
    3. Linda Calabrese, 2024. "Diversifying Away from Extractives: The Belt and Road Initiative, Chinese Capital and Industrialisation in the Kyrgyz Republic," The European Journal of Development Research, Palgrave Macmillan;European Association of Development Research and Training Institutes (EADI), vol. 36(3), pages 601-638, June.

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