Towards a Typology of Data-Enabled Co-Creation Platforms in Smart Cities and Mapping of Practices in OECD Countries

In this article, we contribute to the conceptual research on the typologies of data-enabled co-creation platforms in the context of smart cities. We analyze the use of open data portals and city dashboards in the capital cities of all OECD member states. We focus on the data, visualization, and user interaction layers of these platforms. We show that while these platforms can be designed on different levels of complexity—from information provision to substantive co-creation—the majority of cities tend to use more simplistic information provision platforms. Finally, we argue that for the development of substantive data-enabled co-creation platforms, the cities need to pay special attention to user capabilities to take advantage of the co-creative potential of these platforms.