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Legal frameworks and mechanisms for resolving transboundary water disputes in Malaysia: insights from the Kedah-Penang Muda River dispute

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  • Muhammad Nazrul Abd Rani
  • Rasyikah Md Khalid

Abstract

The ongoing water dispute between Kedah and Penang over the shared use of the Muda River highlights critical inadequacies within Malaysia’s legal framework for managing inter-state water disputes. This paper employs a doctrinal legal research approach to analyse relevant statutes, international water law principles and Malaysia’s integrated water resources management (IWRM) and integrated river basin management (IRBM) policies. The objective of this study is to identify legal gaps and challenges within the current framework and to propose actionable solutions for effective dispute resolution. The findings reveal significant legal gaps, particularly in compensation mechanisms and inter-state coordination, that hinder effective dispute resolution within a federated governance structure. To address these issues, the study recommends legal reforms and an establishment of a federal mediation entity. These measures are designed to foster equitable and sustainable water management practices, contributing to Malaysia’s alignment with SDG 6 on clean water access and sustainability.

Suggested Citation

  • Muhammad Nazrul Abd Rani & Rasyikah Md Khalid, 2025. "Legal frameworks and mechanisms for resolving transboundary water disputes in Malaysia: insights from the Kedah-Penang Muda River dispute," International Journal of Water Resources Development, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 41(3), pages 625-646, May.
    • Handle: RePEc:taf:cijwxx:v:41:y:2025:i:3:p:625-646
    DOI: 10.1080/07900627.2024.2443766
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