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Satellite-based phenology analysis of the Hyrcanian forest in the Alborz mountains and Caspian Sea shores, Iran

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  • Sahand Ghadimi
  • AmirHossein Ahrari
  • Epari Ritesh Patro
  • Mahdi Akbari
  • Kiomars Sefidi
  • Bjorn Klöve
  • Ali Torabi Haghighi

Abstract

The Caspian Sea and the Hyrcanian forest rely on each other to maintain balanced hydrological and climatological conditions and preserve the local wildlife and natural resources. Climate variation impacts this balance and the ecological status of the forest. In this study, thermal and phenological seasonality in three Hyrcanian protected areas is evaluated over a period of 33 years (1987–2019). The results suggest extensions of 3–18 days per decade in growing seasons. This could be mitigated by applying policies such as the expansion of protected areas, stringent endangered species conservation, updated silviculture practices, social awareness and cross-sectoral management.

Suggested Citation

  • Sahand Ghadimi & AmirHossein Ahrari & Epari Ritesh Patro & Mahdi Akbari & Kiomars Sefidi & Bjorn Klöve & Ali Torabi Haghighi, 2025. "Satellite-based phenology analysis of the Hyrcanian forest in the Alborz mountains and Caspian Sea shores, Iran," International Journal of Water Resources Development, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 41(1), pages 78-101, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:taf:cijwxx:v:41:y:2025:i:1:p:78-101
    DOI: 10.1080/07900627.2023.2293862
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