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The making and unmaking of community-based water supplies in Manila

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  • Petr Matous

Abstract

This article tracks the rise and fall of a community-based water supply programme in Manila, providing important insights into the issues of community participatory approaches to service provision, as well as the privatisation of basic services and public goods. The Manila Water Corporation, a private, for-profit company, developed an innovative programme to provide water to informal settlements through bulk connections, deploying the discourse of public participation to effectively transfer responsibility for distribution and collection of payments to local water users' organisations. The programme achieved considerable success, and also empowered local organisations or (more often) individuals, who used some of their increased legitimacy, influence, and income to mobilise for squatters' rights, challenging landlords and local governments. After an initial period, the company changed its policy and shifted instead to a programme that provides individual connections to informal settlements' households, supported by subsidies from the government and international aid agencies. This article chronicles and analyses the origins, growth, controversies, and eventual decline of community-based water supply in Manila's informal settlements. The article concludes with suggestions on how community-based organisations can provide water supply services effectively and equitably, discussing as well the capacity building and social transformation benefits of such an approach. La réussite et l'échec des systèmes communautaires d'approvisionnement en eau à Manille Cet article retrace l'essor et le déclin d'un programme communautaire d'approvisionnement en eau à Manille, aux Philippines, et permet de découvrir d'importants aspects des questions relatives aux approches communautaires participatives de la prestation de services, ainsi que de la privatisation des services de base et des biens publics. La Manila Water Corporation, entreprise privée à but lucratif, a mis au point un programme innovant pour fournir de l'eau à des établissements informels au moyen de branchements collectifs, en déployant le discours de la participation du public pour transférer efficacement la responsabilité de la distribution et de la collecte de paiements à des organisations locales d'utilisateurs d'eau. Ce programme a obtenu un succès considérable, et a par ailleurs autonomisé des organisations locales ou (plus souvent) des particuliers, qui ont utilisé une partie de leur légitimité, influence et revenus accrus pour se mobiliser en faveur des droits des squatteurs, défiant les propriétaires et les autorités locales. Après une période initiale, l'entreprise a modifié sa politique et a évolué vers un programme qui propose des branchements individuels aux ménages des établissements informels, avec le soutien de subventions accordées par le gouvernement et des agences d'aide internationales. Cet article fait la chronique et effectue une analyse des origines, de la croissance, des controverses et, en fin de compte, du déclin de l'approvisionnement en eau communautaire dans les établissements informels de Manille. Cet article se conclut par des questions sur la manière dont les organisations communautaires peuvent assurer des services d'approvisionnement en eau de façon efficace et équitable, et traite également des avantages sur le plan du renforcement des capacités et de la transformation sociale d'une approche de ce type. Los altibajos de un programa de agua potable comunitario en Manila El presente artículo describe los altibajos presentados por un programa comunitario de abastecimiento de agua potable en Manila. Asimismo, hace referencia a los importantes hallazgos encontrados en torno a los métodos de participación comunitaria en la oferta de servicios y en relación a la privatización de servicios básicos y de bienes públicos. La Corporación de Agua de Manila, empresa privada con fines lucrativos, desarrolló un programa innovador para abastecer de agua a los asentamientos informales mediante conexiones comunitarias, usando un discurso de participación pública con el objetivo de transferir eficientemente la responsabilidad para la distribución del líquido y para el cobro de pagos a las organizaciones locales de usuarios de agua. El programa obtuvo un éxito considerable, que conllevó al empoderamiento de organizaciones locales y (más a menudo) de individuos, quienes aprovecharon su mayor legitimidad, influencia e ingresos para movilizarse a favor de los derechos de los ocupantes indocumentados, enfrentando tanto a propietarios como a gobiernos locales. Tras un período inicial, la empresa modificó sus políticas impulsando un programa de conexiones individuales para los hogares de los asentamientos informales, el cual recibió subsidios del gobierno y de las agencias internacionales de asistencia. El presente artículo constituye tanto una crónica como un análisis del origen, el crecimiento, las controversias suscitadas y el posterior abandono del programa de abastecimiento de agua comunitario en los asentamientos informales de Manila. El artículo concluye exponiendo sugerencias respecto a cómo las organizaciones comunitarias podrán abastecerse de agua de manera efectiva y equitativa, abordando, también, las ventajas de este enfoque en términos del fortalecimiento de capacidades y de la transformación social que promueve. A construção e destruição dos abastecimentos de água comunitários de Manila Este artigo analisa a ascensão e queda de um programa de abastecimento de água comunitário em Manila, fornecendo ideias importantes sobre as questões de abordagens participativas da comunidade para a oferta do serviço, além da privatização de serviços básicos e bens públicos. A Empresa de Abastecimento de Água de Manila, que é uma companhia privada com fins lucrativos, desenvolveu um programa inovador para fornecer água a assentamentos informais através de conexões em massa, empregando o discurso de participação do público para transferir efetivamente a responsabilidade pela distribuição e coleta de pagamentos a organizações locais de consumidores de água. O programa alcançou um significativo sucesso e também empoderou organizações locais ou (mais frequentemente) indivíduos, que utilizaram sua maior legitimidade, influência e renda para a mobilização pelos direitos dos posseiros, desafiando os proprietários de terra e os governos locais. Após um período inicial, a empresa mudou sua política e passou a adotar um programa que oferece conexões individuais para as famílias dos assentamentos informais, com apoio de subsídios do governo e de agências de ajuda internacionais. Este artigo relata e analisa as origens, crescimento, controvérsias e declínio final do abastecimento comunitário de água em assentamentos informais de Manila. O artigo conclui com sugestões sobre como organizações comunitárias podem fornecer serviços de abastecimento de água de maneira efetiva e equitativa, discutindo também a capacitação e os benefícios da transformação social de tal abordagem.

Suggested Citation

  • Petr Matous, 2013. "The making and unmaking of community-based water supplies in Manila," Development in Practice, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 23(2), pages 217-231.
  • Handle: RePEc:taf:cdipxx:v:23:y:2013:i:2:p:217-231
    DOI: 10.1080/09614524.2013.772116
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