Revisit energy consumption, economic growth and carbon dioxide emissions links in transition countries using a new developed Quantile_on_Quantile approach

We investigate the links between energy consumption, carbon dioxide (henceforth, CO2) emissions, and economic growth in 6 transition countries for the period 1970–2021 by applying novel Quantile_on_Quantile approach. We aim to address the potential key factor, hidden in the general EKC theory. Three pairwise linkages, including the CO2 emissions and economic growth, CO2 emissions and energy consumption, and economic growth and energy consumption, are examined across several quantiles. Our empirical results show that energy consumption positively significantly affects both CO2 emissions and economic growth. Meanwhile, economic growth positively significantly influences CO2 emissions. These findings have important policy implications for the 6 transition countries under study.