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Determinants of corporate cash holdings: evidence from the emerging market of Turkey

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  • Ali Uyar
  • Cemil Kuzey

Abstract

This study analyses the factors that might explain the level of corporate cash holdings in a broad sample of Turkish-listed nonfinancial firms over the period 1997 to 2011. The empirical results reveal that, on average, Turkish firms hold 9.1% of their total assets as cash and cash equivalents. There is a steadily increasing trend in cash holding across the years. Both the system GMM and the difference GMM regression results are consistent; almost exactly the same variables are significant and going in the same direction. The findings indicate that the previous year's cash holding is positive and significant determinant at the current year's cash level, suggesting that these firms have a targeted cash level. Furthermore, the results reveal that cash flow and growth opportunities have positive and significant impact on the cash level. However, the amount of capital expenditures, liquid assets used as cash substitute, the degree of tangibility of assets, financial debt ratio and leverage have negative and significant impact on the cash level. Most of these explanatory variables were in line with our theoretical background and with previous studies as well.

Suggested Citation

  • Ali Uyar & Cemil Kuzey, 2014. "Determinants of corporate cash holdings: evidence from the emerging market of Turkey," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 46(9), pages 1035-1048, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:taf:applec:v:46:y:2014:i:9:p:1035-1048
    DOI: 10.1080/00036846.2013.866203
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    Cited by:

    1. Sherif El-Halaby & Hosam Abdelrasheed & Khaled Hussainey, 2021. "Corporate Cash Holdings and National Culture: Evidence from the Middle East and North Africa Region," JRFM, MDPI, vol. 14(10), pages 1-22, October.
    2. Lin, Tsui-Jung & Chang, Hai-Yen & Yu, Hui-Fun & Kao, Ching-Pao, 2019. "The impact of political connections and business groups on cash holdings: Evidence from Chinese listed firms," Global Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 40(C), pages 65-73.
    3. Elyasiani, Elyas & Movaghari, Hadi, 2022. "Determinants of corporate cash holdings: An application of a robust variable selection technique," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 80(C), pages 967-993.
    4. Khalil Jebran & Shihua Chen & Muhammad Zubair Tauni & Hassan Ahmad, 2019. "Corporate Governance, Ultimate Owner, and Target Cash Holdings: Evidence From China," SAGE Open, , vol. 9(4), pages 21582440198, December.
    5. Mirza Hammad Hassan & Hussain Haroon & Sarwar Ghulam & Habib Haroon, 2024. "Corporate Internationalization and Uncertainty of Cash Holdings: Evidence from an Emerging Market," Zagreb International Review of Economics and Business, Sciendo, vol. 27(1), pages 79-95.
    6. Jebran, Khalil & Chen, Shihua & Tauni, Muhammad Zubair, 2019. "Principal-principal conflicts and corporate cash holdings: Evidence from China," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 49(C), pages 55-70.
    7. Potì, Valerio & Pattitoni, Pierpaolo & Petracci, Barbara, 2020. "Precautionary motives for private firms’ cash holdings," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 68(C), pages 150-166.
    8. Khalil Jebran & Amjad Iqbal & Kalim Ullah Bhat & Muhammad Arif Khan & Mustansar Hayat, 2019. "Determinants of corporate cash holdings in tranquil and turbulent period: evidence from an emerging economy," Financial Innovation, Springer;Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, vol. 5(1), pages 1-12, December.
    9. Yomna Abdulla & Rabab Ebrahim & Sumathi Kumaraswamy & Muhammad Junaid, 2024. "What Drives the Liquidity of Industrial Firms?," Global Business Review, International Management Institute, vol. 25(2_suppl), pages 90-102, April.
    10. Nwokoye Anwuli Gladys, 2022. "What Determines Cash Holding of Listed Deposit Money Banks? Evidence from Nigeria," International Journal of Economics and Finance, Canadian Center of Science and Education, vol. 14(6), pages 1-36, June.
    11. Issal Haj-Salem & Khaled Hussainey, 2021. "Risk Disclosure and Corporate Cash Holdings," JRFM, MDPI, vol. 14(7), pages 1-15, July.
    12. Edward Jones & Hao Li & Oluwagbenga Adamolekun, 2022. "Excess Cash Holdings, Stock Returns, and Investment Organicity: Evidence from UK Investment Announcements," Abacus, Accounting Foundation, University of Sydney, vol. 58(4), pages 603-647, December.
    13. Benkraiem, Ramzi & Lakhal, Faten & Zopounidis, Constantin, 2020. "International diversification and corporate cash holding behavior: What happens during economic downturns?," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 170(C), pages 362-371.
    14. KHAN, Asad & BIBI, Memoona & TANVEER, Sarfaraz, 2016. "The Impact Of Corporate Governance On Cash Holdings: A Comparative Study Of The Manufacturing And Service Industry," Studii Financiare (Financial Studies), Centre of Financial and Monetary Research "Victor Slavescu", vol. 20(3), pages 40-79.
    15. Şirin Özlem & Omer Faruk Tan, 2022. "Predicting cash holdings using supervised machine learning algorithms," Financial Innovation, Springer;Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, vol. 8(1), pages 1-19, December.
    16. Mar𨁂el鮠Lozano & Simone Caltabiano, 2015. "Cross institutional cash and dividend policies: focusing on Brazilian firms," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 47(3), pages 239-254, January.
    17. Andriy Tsapin, 2017. "Do Firm-Bank Relationships Affect Corporate Cash Holdings?," Visnyk of the National Bank of Ukraine, National Bank of Ukraine, issue 241, pages 5-20.
    18. Saddiqa & Ayaz ul Haq, 2017. "Firm Characteristics and Cash-Cash Flow Sensitivity of the Manufacturing Sector of Pakistan," Business & Economic Review, Institute of Management Sciences, Peshawar, Pakistan, vol. 9(3), pages 71-103, September.
    19. YoungHa Ki & Ramesh Adhikari, 2022. "Corporate Cash Holdings and Exposure to Macroeconomic Conditions," IJFS, MDPI, vol. 10(4), pages 1-25, November.
    20. Moncef Guizani, 2021. "Macroeconomic conditions and investment–cash flow sensitivity: Evidence from Saudi Arabia," International Journal of Finance & Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 26(3), pages 4277-4294, July.
    21. Ravinder Kumar Arora, 2019. "Corporate Cash Holdings: An Empirical Investigation of Indian Companies," Global Business Review, International Management Institute, vol. 20(4), pages 1088-1106, August.
    22. Abdul Rashid & Maryam Ashfaq, 2017. "Financial Constraints And Corporate Cash Holdings: An Empirical Analysis Using Firm Level Data," Annals of Financial Economics (AFE), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd., vol. 12(02), pages 1-26, June.

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