Modernizing Rural Water Governance: A Systematic Review of Transitions, Dynamics, Influential Factors, and Challenges

The modernization of rural water governance systems is a complex and multidimensional process influenced by various factors. This systematic review aims to address critical research gaps by examining the key drivers and challenges shaping rural water governance. Specifically, it explores the primary factors influencing rural water governance modernization, the challenges encountered in different geographical and socio-economic contexts, and strategies for enhancing water governance in the current era. Through a systematic literature review approach exploring a sample of N = 51, this study identifies geographical diversity, economic constraints, institutional structures, technological advancements, and cultural practices as pivotal factors that impact water governance effectiveness. Key challenges include financial limitations, inadequate infrastructure, political instability, and climate change, all of which complicate governance efforts. However, the review also highlights opportunities for improvement through innovative financial models, infrastructure upgrades, policy reforms, and adaptive management strategies. The study calls for an integrated approach to rural water governance that considers environmental, economic, institutional, technological, and cultural factors. By encouraging collaboration, innovation, and cultural awareness, this approach can ensure fair access to water and support sustainable development. The findings offer tailored solutions for addressing water scarcity and building adaptable, resilient governance systems that meet both current and future challenges.