IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/spr/jclass/v39y2022i3d10.1007_s00357-022-09415-x.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Finite Mixture of Censored Linear Mixed Models for Irregularly Observed Longitudinal Data

Author

Listed:
  • Francisco H. C. Alencar

    (Universidade Estadual de Campinas)

  • Larissa A Matos

    (Universidade Estadual de Campinas)

  • Víctor H. Lachos

    (University of Connecticut)

Abstract

Linear mixed-effects models are commonly used when multiple correlated measurements are made for each unit of interest. Some inherent features of these data can make the analysis challenging, such as when the series of responses are repeatedly collected for each subject at irregular intervals over time or when the data are subject to some upper and/or lower detection limits of the experimental equipment. Moreover, if units are suspected of forming distinct clusters over time, i.e., heterogeneity, then the class of finite mixtures of linear mixed-effects models is required. This paper considers the problem of clustering heterogeneous longitudinal data in a mixture framework and proposes a finite mixture of multivariate normal linear mixed-effects model. This model allows us to accommodate more complex features of longitudinal data, such as measurement at irregular intervals over time and censored data. Furthermore, we consider a damped exponential correlation structure for the random error to deal with serial correlation among the within-subject errors. An efficient expectation-maximization algorithm is employed to compute the maximum likelihood estimation of the parameters. The algorithm has closed-form expressions at the E-step that rely on formulas for the mean and variance of the multivariate truncated normal distributions. Furthermore, a general information-based method to approximate the asymptotic covariance matrix is also presented. Results obtained from the analysis of both simulated and real HIV/AIDS datasets are reported to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Suggested Citation

  • Francisco H. C. Alencar & Larissa A Matos & Víctor H. Lachos, 2022. "Finite Mixture of Censored Linear Mixed Models for Irregularly Observed Longitudinal Data," Journal of Classification, Springer;The Classification Society, vol. 39(3), pages 463-486, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:spr:jclass:v:39:y:2022:i:3:d:10.1007_s00357-022-09415-x
    DOI: 10.1007/s00357-022-09415-x
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00357-022-09415-x
    File Function: Abstract
    Download Restriction: Access to the full text of the articles in this series is restricted.
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1007/s00357-022-09415-x?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Wan-Lun Wang & Tsung-I Lin, 2015. "Robust model-based clustering via mixtures of skew-t distributions with missing information," Advances in Data Analysis and Classification, Springer;German Classification Society - Gesellschaft für Klassifikation (GfKl);Japanese Classification Society (JCS);Classification and Data Analysis Group of the Italian Statistical Society (CLADAG);International Federation of Classification Societies (IFCS), vol. 9(4), pages 423-445, December.
    2. Paul D. McNicholas, 2016. "Model-Based Clustering," Journal of Classification, Springer;The Classification Society, vol. 33(3), pages 331-373, October.
    3. Kiefer, Nicholas M, 1978. "Discrete Parameter Variation: Efficient Estimation of a Switching Regression Model," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 46(2), pages 427-434, March.
    4. Wan-Lun Wang, 2019. "Mixture of multivariate t nonlinear mixed models for multiple longitudinal data with heterogeneity and missing values," TEST: An Official Journal of the Spanish Society of Statistics and Operations Research, Springer;Sociedad de Estadística e Investigación Operativa, vol. 28(1), pages 196-222, March.
    5. Lin, Tsung-I & McLachlan, Geoffrey J. & Lee, Sharon X., 2016. "Extending mixtures of factor models using the restricted multivariate skew-normal distribution," Journal of Multivariate Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 143(C), pages 398-413.
    6. Basso, Rodrigo M. & Lachos, Víctor H. & Cabral, Celso Rômulo Barbosa & Ghosh, Pulak, 2010. "Robust mixture modeling based on scale mixtures of skew-normal distributions," Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 54(12), pages 2926-2941, December.
    7. Yang, Yu-Chen & Lin, Tsung-I & Castro, Luis M. & Wang, Wan-Lun, 2020. "Extending finite mixtures of t linear mixed-effects models with concomitant covariates," Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 148(C).
    8. James P. Hughes, 1999. "Mixed Effects Models with Censored Data with Application to HIV RNA Levels," Biometrics, The International Biometric Society, vol. 55(2), pages 625-629, June.
    9. Vaida, Florin & Fitzgerald, Anthony P. & DeGruttola, Victor, 2007. "Efficient hybrid EM for linear and nonlinear mixed effects models with censored response," Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 51(12), pages 5718-5730, August.
    10. Larissa A. Matos & Luis M. Castro & Víctor H. Lachos, 2016. "Censored mixed-effects models for irregularly observed repeated measures with applications to HIV viral loads," TEST: An Official Journal of the Spanish Society of Statistics and Operations Research, Springer;Sociedad de Estadística e Investigación Operativa, vol. 25(4), pages 627-653, December.
    11. Maria Karlsson & Thomas Laitila, 2014. "Finite mixture modeling of censored regression models," Statistical Papers, Springer, vol. 55(3), pages 627-642, August.
    12. James G. Booth & George Casella & James P. Hobert, 2008. "Clustering using objective functions and stochastic search," Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B, Royal Statistical Society, vol. 70(1), pages 119-139, February.
    13. Lin, Tsung-I, 2014. "Learning from incomplete data via parameterized t mixture models through eigenvalue decomposition," Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 71(C), pages 183-195.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Wan-Lun Wang & Yu-Chen Yang & Tsung-I Lin, 2024. "Extending finite mixtures of nonlinear mixed-effects models with covariate-dependent mixing weights," Advances in Data Analysis and Classification, Springer;German Classification Society - Gesellschaft für Klassifikation (GfKl);Japanese Classification Society (JCS);Classification and Data Analysis Group of the Italian Statistical Society (CLADAG);International Federation of Classification Societies (IFCS), vol. 18(2), pages 271-307, June.
    2. Lachos, Víctor H. & Moreno, Edgar J. López & Chen, Kun & Cabral, Celso Rômulo Barbosa, 2017. "Finite mixture modeling of censored data using the multivariate Student-t distribution," Journal of Multivariate Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 159(C), pages 151-167.
    3. Wei, Yuhong & Tang, Yang & McNicholas, Paul D., 2019. "Mixtures of generalized hyperbolic distributions and mixtures of skew-t distributions for model-based clustering with incomplete data," Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 130(C), pages 18-41.
    4. Wan-Lun Wang, 2019. "Mixture of multivariate t nonlinear mixed models for multiple longitudinal data with heterogeneity and missing values," TEST: An Official Journal of the Spanish Society of Statistics and Operations Research, Springer;Sociedad de Estadística e Investigación Operativa, vol. 28(1), pages 196-222, March.
    5. Morris, Katherine & Punzo, Antonio & McNicholas, Paul D. & Browne, Ryan P., 2019. "Asymmetric clusters and outliers: Mixtures of multivariate contaminated shifted asymmetric Laplace distributions," Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 132(C), pages 145-166.
    6. Mirfarah, Elham & Naderi, Mehrdad & Chen, Ding-Geng, 2021. "Mixture of linear experts model for censored data: A novel approach with scale-mixture of normal distributions," Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 158(C).
    7. Hung Tong & Cristina Tortora, 2022. "Model-based clustering and outlier detection with missing data," Advances in Data Analysis and Classification, Springer;German Classification Society - Gesellschaft für Klassifikation (GfKl);Japanese Classification Society (JCS);Classification and Data Analysis Group of the Italian Statistical Society (CLADAG);International Federation of Classification Societies (IFCS), vol. 16(1), pages 5-30, March.
    8. Sahin, Özge & Czado, Claudia, 2022. "Vine copula mixture models and clustering for non-Gaussian data," Econometrics and Statistics, Elsevier, vol. 22(C), pages 136-158.
    9. Camila Borelli Zeller & Celso Rômulo Barbosa Cabral & Víctor Hugo Lachos & Luis Benites, 2019. "Finite mixture of regression models for censored data based on scale mixtures of normal distributions," Advances in Data Analysis and Classification, Springer;German Classification Society - Gesellschaft für Klassifikation (GfKl);Japanese Classification Society (JCS);Classification and Data Analysis Group of the Italian Statistical Society (CLADAG);International Federation of Classification Societies (IFCS), vol. 13(1), pages 89-116, March.
    10. Larissa A. Matos & Víctor H. Lachos & Tsung-I Lin & Luis M. Castro, 2019. "Heavy-tailed longitudinal regression models for censored data: a robust parametric approach," TEST: An Official Journal of the Spanish Society of Statistics and Operations Research, Springer;Sociedad de Estadística e Investigación Operativa, vol. 28(3), pages 844-878, September.
    11. Yang, Yu-Chen & Lin, Tsung-I & Castro, Luis M. & Wang, Wan-Lun, 2020. "Extending finite mixtures of t linear mixed-effects models with concomitant covariates," Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 148(C).
    12. Matos, Larissa A. & Lachos, Victor H. & Balakrishnan, N. & Labra, Filidor V., 2013. "Influence diagnostics in linear and nonlinear mixed-effects models with censored data," Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 57(1), pages 450-464.
    13. Mohsen Maleki & Darren Wraith, 2019. "Mixtures of multivariate restricted skew-normal factor analyzer models in a Bayesian framework," Computational Statistics, Springer, vol. 34(3), pages 1039-1053, September.
    14. Larissa A. Matos & Luis M. Castro & Víctor H. Lachos, 2016. "Censored mixed-effects models for irregularly observed repeated measures with applications to HIV viral loads," TEST: An Official Journal of the Spanish Society of Statistics and Operations Research, Springer;Sociedad de Estadística e Investigación Operativa, vol. 25(4), pages 627-653, December.
    15. Wan-Lun Wang & Luis M. Castro & Wan-Chen Hsieh & Tsung-I Lin, 2021. "Mixtures of factor analyzers with covariates for modeling multiply censored dependent variables," Statistical Papers, Springer, vol. 62(5), pages 2119-2145, October.
    16. Sanjeena Subedi & Paul D. McNicholas, 2021. "A Variational Approximations-DIC Rubric for Parameter Estimation and Mixture Model Selection Within a Family Setting," Journal of Classification, Springer;The Classification Society, vol. 38(1), pages 89-108, April.
    17. Wan-Lun Wang & Luis M. Castro & Yen-Ting Chang & Tsung-I Lin, 2019. "Mixtures of restricted skew-t factor analyzers with common factor loadings," Advances in Data Analysis and Classification, Springer;German Classification Society - Gesellschaft für Klassifikation (GfKl);Japanese Classification Society (JCS);Classification and Data Analysis Group of the Italian Statistical Society (CLADAG);International Federation of Classification Societies (IFCS), vol. 13(2), pages 445-480, June.
    18. Naderi, Mehrdad & Mirfarah, Elham & Wang, Wan-Lun & Lin, Tsung-I, 2023. "Robust mixture regression modeling based on the normal mean-variance mixture distributions," Computational Statistics & Data Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 180(C).
    19. Wan-Lun Wang & Tsung-I Lin, 2022. "Robust clustering of multiply censored data via mixtures of t factor analyzers," TEST: An Official Journal of the Spanish Society of Statistics and Operations Research, Springer;Sociedad de Estadística e Investigación Operativa, vol. 31(1), pages 22-53, March.
    20. Francisco H. C. Alencar & Christian E. Galarza & Larissa A. Matos & Victor H. Lachos, 2022. "Finite mixture modeling of censored and missing data using the multivariate skew-normal distribution," Advances in Data Analysis and Classification, Springer;German Classification Society - Gesellschaft für Klassifikation (GfKl);Japanese Classification Society (JCS);Classification and Data Analysis Group of the Italian Statistical Society (CLADAG);International Federation of Classification Societies (IFCS), vol. 16(3), pages 521-557, September.

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:spr:jclass:v:39:y:2022:i:3:d:10.1007_s00357-022-09415-x. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Sonal Shukla or Springer Nature Abstracting and Indexing (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.springer.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.