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Associations among experienced and internalized stigma, social support, and depression among male and female sex workers in Kenya

Author

Listed:
  • Melissa A. Stockton

    (University of North Carolina At Chapel Hill)

  • Brian W. Pence

    (University of North Carolina At Chapel Hill)

  • David Mbote

    (Kuria Foundation for Social Enterprise)

  • Emmanuel A. Oga

    (RTI International)

  • John Kraemer

    (RTI International
    Georgetown University)

  • Joshua Kimani

    (University of Nairobi)

  • Stella Njuguna

    (Kenya Medical Research Institute)

  • Joanna Maselko

    (University of North Carolina At Chapel Hill)

  • Laura Nyblade

    (RTI International)

Abstract

Objectives This study (1) estimated the association between experienced sex work-related stigma and moderate-to-severe depressive symptoms (hereafter depression), (2) examined independent associations between internalized stigma, experienced stigma, and depression among sex workers, and (3) investigated the potential modifying role of social support. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 729 male and female sex workers in Kenya. Results The prevalence of depression was 33.9%, and nearly all participants reported at least one of the experienced and internalized stigma items. Increasing levels of experienced stigma was associated with an increased predicted prevalence of depression [aPD 0.15 (95% CI 0.11–0.18)]. Increasing internalized stigma was independently associated with higher experienced stigma and depression and appeared to account for 25.5% of the shared variance between experienced stigma and depression after adjustment for confounders. Social support from same-sex sex workers did not appear to modify the association between experienced stigma and depression. Conclusions Addressing the high levels of stigma that sex workers face and their mental health needs should be a public health and human rights imperative.

Suggested Citation

  • Melissa A. Stockton & Brian W. Pence & David Mbote & Emmanuel A. Oga & John Kraemer & Joshua Kimani & Stella Njuguna & Joanna Maselko & Laura Nyblade, 2020. "Associations among experienced and internalized stigma, social support, and depression among male and female sex workers in Kenya," International Journal of Public Health, Springer;Swiss School of Public Health (SSPH+), vol. 65(6), pages 791-799, July.
    • Handle: RePEc:spr:ijphth:v:65:y:2020:i:6:d:10.1007_s00038-020-01370-x
    DOI: 10.1007/s00038-020-01370-x
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Catherine Oldenburg & Katie Biello & Donn Colby & Elizabeth Closson & Thi Mai & Thi Nguyen & Ngoc Nguyen & Matthew Mimiaga, 2014. "Stigma related to sex work among men who engage in transactional sex with men in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam," International Journal of Public Health, Springer;Swiss School of Public Health (SSPH+), vol. 59(5), pages 833-840, October.
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    Cited by:

    1. O'Donnell, Aisling T. & Foran, Aoife-Marie, 2024. "The link between anticipated and internalized stigma and depression: A systematic review," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 349(C).

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