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The importance of political and religious affiliation in explaining county-level COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy

Author

Listed:
  • Declan R. Carroll

    (Leeds School of Business, University of Colorado Boulder)

  • Stephen J. Conroy

    (Knauss School of Business, University of San Diego)

  • Adriana Vamosiu

    (Knauss School of Business, University of San Diego)

Abstract

The authors use county-level data to test whether an array of socioeconomic, demographic, political and religious variables explain COVID-19 vaccination rates. Results presented here build upon previous investigations of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in different contexts and are largely consistent with those findings. Background controls such as county’s percent male (+), median age (+), percent White (-), median household income (+), percent self-employed (-), and the percent with a college or higher education (+) explain county-level vaccination rates for COVID-19. Political affiliation (Percent Republican (-)) remains the strongest predictor in terms of overall statistical significance. The county’s percent Catholic (+) and percent Evangelical (-) are also very strong predictors, though in opposite directions. This analysis includes state-level fixed effects and several robustness checks.

Suggested Citation

  • Declan R. Carroll & Stephen J. Conroy & Adriana Vamosiu, 2025. "The importance of political and religious affiliation in explaining county-level COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy," Health Economics Review, Springer, vol. 15(1), pages 1-10, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:spr:hecrev:v:15:y:2025:i:1:d:10.1186_s13561-025-00605-y
    DOI: 10.1186/s13561-025-00605-y
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    Keywords

    Vaccine hesitancy; COVID-19;

    JEL classification:

    • I1 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Health
    • I12 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - Health - - - Health Behavior

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