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The Current and Retrospective Cognitive Reserve (2CR) survey and its relationship with cognitive and mood measures

Author

Listed:
  • Erika Borella

    (University of Padova)

  • Paolo Ghisletta

    (University of Geneva
    UniDistance Suisse
    University of Geneva)

  • Elena Carbone

    (University of Padova)

  • Stephen Aichele

    (Colorado State University
    Colorado School of Public Health)

Abstract

Cognitive Reserve (CR) is often assessed with surveys spanning demographic, lifestyle, and socio-behavioral variables. The role of both past and current life experiences on CR has, however, rarely been examined. We developed the Current and Retrospective Cognitive Reserve (2CR) survey to assess classical CR proxies (socio-economic status, engagement in leisure and social activities) and other dimensions of potential importance (family engagement, religious/spiritual activity) both currently (CRc; in later adulthood) and retrospectively (CRr; as recalled from younger adulthood). We administered the 2CR, measures of general cognitive functioning, working memory (WM), crystallized—vocabulary— and fluid—reasoning—intelligence, and depressive symptoms (DS) to 235 community-dwelling Italian adults (ages 55–90 years). We used exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses to examine the 2CR latent structure, and we estimated correlations of its dimensions with cognitive abilities and DS. Analyses confirmed a three-level factor structure with two global CR factors (CRc and CRr) at the top level, dimensional CR factors (socio-economic status, family engagement, leisure activity, social engagement, and religious/spiritual activity) at mid-level and observed items at the lowest level. Item-factor representations partially differed across CRc and CRr. Both CRc and CRr were positively correlated with measures of intelligence, WM and DS, but associations of measures of intelligence were stronger for CRr, whereas associations of WM and DS were slightly stronger for CRc. The 2CR can be considered a reliable survey for assessing CR proxies within a multidimensional, “life stage-dependent” framework insofar as CRc are CRr closely related but also differently associated with intelligence, WM, and DS.

Suggested Citation

  • Erika Borella & Paolo Ghisletta & Elena Carbone & Stephen Aichele, 2023. "The Current and Retrospective Cognitive Reserve (2CR) survey and its relationship with cognitive and mood measures," European Journal of Ageing, Springer, vol. 20(1), pages 1-12, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:spr:eujoag:v:20:y:2023:i:1:d:10.1007_s10433-023-00766-x
    DOI: 10.1007/s10433-023-00766-x
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Minle Xu & Patricia A. Thomas & Debra Umberson, 2016. "Editor's choice Marital Quality and Cognitive Limitations in Late Life," The Journals of Gerontology: Series B, The Gerontological Society of America, vol. 71(1), pages 165-176.
    2. Elizabeth M. Lawrence & Richard G. Rogers & Anna Zajacova, 2016. "Educational Attainment and Mortality in the United States: Effects of Degrees, Years of Schooling, and Certification," Population Research and Policy Review, Springer;Southern Demographic Association (SDA), vol. 35(4), pages 501-525, August.
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    Cited by:

    1. Tommaso Feraco & Nicole Casali & Elena Carbone & Chiara Meneghetti & Erika Borella & Barbara Carretti & Veronica Muffato, 2024. "Soft skills and their relationship with life satisfaction and cognitive reserve in adulthood and older age," European Journal of Ageing, Springer, vol. 21(1), pages 1-10, December.

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