An optimal coordinated decision-making model for planning the coordinated expansion and operation of multi microgrids in active distribution network

With the growing influence of distributed renewable energy resources and the integration of modern ICT and the Internet of Things into distribution networks, the traditional structures of grids have transformed from centralized and inactive states into decentralized and actively smart grids. In these decentralized structures, each microgrid follows its own design objectives; thus, it is required to coordinate them to develop the grid. This paper uses a coordinated decision-making method, at the lower level of which investment decisions are made with operation uncertainty using a two-objective stochastic programming formulation. This optimization problem is solved by using a Compromised Program Planning Technique that transforms a main two-objective problem into a single-objective problem, with coordination between microgrid decisions made using Cooperative Game Theory, at the highest level. The proposed model is solved on a three-bus grid, each of which involving a smart microgrid with Distributed Energy Resources by considering demand responses and daily optimal operation (24 h). Findings indicated the effects of the proposed coordinated decision-making model on both objectives of cost reduction and the Independence Performance Index (IPI), suggesting the reduction of energy exchange with the main grid, with the costs decreasing by 2.92% and the IPI increasing from 79.5 to 93.95.