IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/spr/empeco/v65y2023i2d10.1007_s00181-023-02358-1.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Hedging strategies among financial markets: the case of green and brown assets

Author

Listed:
  • Ibrahim D. Raheem

    (Tubman Institute, York University)

  • Oluyele Akinkugbe

    (University of the Witwatersrand)

  • Agboola H. Yusuf

    (University of Ilorin)

  • Mahdi Ghaemi Asl

    (Kharazmi University)

Abstract

Recognizing the growing importance of the green energy market—renewable energy stocks and bonds—and its classification as a viable financial asset, this paper examines hedging strategies with brown market instruments—gold, oil, bond and the composite S&P500—on the green energy markets. That is, we examine whether, and to what extent brown assets can provide a hedge for green assets, using variants of the multivariate GARCH framework (DCC, ADCC and GO-GARCH). Our dataset spans the period 01/12/2008 to 30/09/2021. To account for the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic, we split the dataset into two—pre-covid (1/12/2008–10/03/2020) and covid-era (11/03/202–30/09/2021). Two key findings emanate from our results: first, conventional bonds and stocks provide the most consistent hedge for investment in the green markets. Second, the results are sensitive to the state of the market—hedging effectiveness declined during the covid period in the green stock market. Among other things, it is recommended that investors include instruments of the green market in portfolio allocation.

Suggested Citation

  • Ibrahim D. Raheem & Oluyele Akinkugbe & Agboola H. Yusuf & Mahdi Ghaemi Asl, 2023. "Hedging strategies among financial markets: the case of green and brown assets," Empirical Economics, Springer, vol. 65(2), pages 831-873, August.
    • Handle: RePEc:spr:empeco:v:65:y:2023:i:2:d:10.1007_s00181-023-02358-1
    DOI: 10.1007/s00181-023-02358-1
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00181-023-02358-1
    File Function: Abstract
    Download Restriction: Access to the full text of the articles in this series is restricted.
    File URL: https://libkey.io/10.1007/s00181-023-02358-1?utm_source=ideas
    LibKey link: if access is restricted and if your library uses this service, LibKey will redirect you to where you can use your library subscription to access this item
    ---><---

    As the access to this document is restricted, you may want to search for a different version of it.

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Tareq Saeed & Elie Bouri & Dang Khoa Tran, 2020. "Hedging Strategies of Green Assets against Dirty Energy Assets," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(12), pages 1-17, June.
    2. Barbara Rossi, 2013. "Exchange Rate Predictability," Journal of Economic Literature, American Economic Association, vol. 51(4), pages 1063-1119, December.
    3. Chemkha, Rahma & BenSaïda, Ahmed & Ghorbel, Ahmed & Tayachi, Tahar, 2021. "Hedge and safe haven properties during COVID-19: Evidence from Bitcoin and gold," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 82(C), pages 71-85.
    4. Reboredo, Juan C., 2018. "Green bond and financial markets: Co-movement, diversification and price spillover effects," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 74(C), pages 38-50.
    5. Henriques, Irene & Sadorsky, Perry, 2008. "Oil prices and the stock prices of alternative energy companies," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 30(3), pages 998-1010, May.
    6. Batten, Jonathan A. & Kinateder, Harald & Szilagyi, Peter G. & Wagner, Niklas F., 2021. "Hedging stocks with oil," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 93(C).
    7. Ahmad, Wasim, 2017. "On the dynamic dependence and investment performance of crude oil and clean energy stocks," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 42(C), pages 376-389.
    8. Pauline Deschryver & Frederic de Mariz, 2020. "What Future for the Green Bond Market? How Can Policymakers, Companies, and Investors Unlock the Potential of the Green Bond Market?," JRFM, MDPI, vol. 13(3), pages 1-26, March.
    9. Sadorsky, Perry, 2012. "Correlations and volatility spillovers between oil prices and the stock prices of clean energy and technology companies," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 34(1), pages 248-255.
    10. Román Ferrer & Rafael Benítez & Vicente J. Bolós, 2021. "Interdependence between Green Financial Instruments and Major Conventional Assets: A Wavelet-Based Network Analysis," Mathematics, MDPI, vol. 9(8), pages 1-20, April.
    11. Basher, Syed Abul & Sadorsky, Perry, 2016. "Hedging emerging market stock prices with oil, gold, VIX, and bonds: A comparison between DCC, ADCC and GO-GARCH," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 54(C), pages 235-247.
    12. Bondia, Ripsy & Ghosh, Sajal & Kanjilal, Kakali, 2016. "International crude oil prices and the stock prices of clean energy and technology companies: Evidence from non-linear cointegration tests with unknown structural breaks," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 101(C), pages 558-565.
    13. Fernanda Fuentes & Rodrigo Herrera, 2020. "Dynamics of Connectedness in Clean Energy Stocks," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(14), pages 1-19, July.
    14. Pham, Linh, 2019. "Do all clean energy stocks respond homogeneously to oil price?," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 81(C), pages 355-379.
    15. Chen, Sheng-Syan & Lee, Cheng-few & Shrestha, Keshab, 2003. "Futures hedge ratios: a review," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 43(3), pages 433-465.
    16. Kroner, Kenneth F & Ng, Victor K, 1998. "Modeling Asymmetric Comovements of Asset Returns," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 11(4), pages 817-844.
    17. Daehyeon Park & Jiyeon Park & Doojin Ryu, 2020. "Volatility Spillovers between Equity and Green Bond Markets," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(9), pages 1-12, May.
    18. Raza, Naveed & Ali, Sajid & Shahzad, Syed Jawad Hussain & Rehman, Mobeen Ur & Salman, Aneel, 2019. "Can alternative hedging assets add value to Islamic-conventional portfolio mix: Evidence from MGARCH models," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 61(C), pages 210-230.
    19. Lee, Chi-Chuan & Lee, Chien-Chiang & Li, Yong-Yi, 2021. "Oil price shocks, geopolitical risks, and green bond market dynamics," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 55(C).
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Esparcia, Carlos & Diaz, Antonio & Alonso, Daniel, 2023. "How important is green awareness in energy investment decisions? An environmentally-based rebalancing portfolio study," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 128(C).

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Maghyereh, Aktham I. & Awartani, Basel & Abdoh, Hussein, 2019. "The co-movement between oil and clean energy stocks: A wavelet-based analysis of horizon associations," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 169(C), pages 895-913.
    2. Çelik, İsmail & Sak, Ahmet Furkan & Höl, Arife Özdemir & Vergili, Gizem, 2022. "The dynamic connectedness and hedging opportunities of implied and realized volatility: Evidence from clean energy ETFs," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 60(C).
    3. Asl, Mahdi Ghaemi & Canarella, Giorgio & Miller, Stephen M., 2021. "Dynamic asymmetric optimal portfolio allocation between energy stocks and energy commodities: Evidence from clean energy and oil and gas companies," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 71(C).
    4. Janda, Karel & Kristoufek, Ladislav & Zhang, Binyi, 2022. "Return and volatility spillovers between Chinese and U.S. clean energy related stocks," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 108(C).
    5. Jing Deng & Jingxuan Lu & Yujie Zheng & Xiaoyun Xing & Cheng Liu & Tao Qin, 2022. "The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Connectedness between Green Industries and Financial Markets in China: Evidence from Time-Frequency Domain with Portfolio Implications," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(20), pages 1-24, October.
    6. Ahmad, Wasim & Sadorsky, Perry & Sharma, Amit, 2018. "Optimal hedge ratios for clean energy equities," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 72(C), pages 278-295.
    7. Kocaarslan, Baris & Soytas, Ugur, 2021. "Reserve currency and the volatility of clean energy stocks: The role of uncertainty," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 104(C).
    8. Dutta, Anupam & Bouri, Elie & Rothovius, Timo & Uddin, Gazi Salah, 2023. "Climate risk and green investments: New evidence," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 265(C).
    9. Fernanda Fuentes & Rodrigo Herrera, 2020. "Dynamics of Connectedness in Clean Energy Stocks," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(14), pages 1-19, July.
    10. Samir Cedic & Alwan Mahmoud & Matteo Manera & Gazi Salah Uddin, 2021. "Information Diffusion and Spillover Dynamics in Renewable Energy Markets," Working Papers 2021.10, Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei.
    11. Matteo Foglia & Eliana Angelini, 2020. "Volatility Connectedness between Clean Energy Firms and Crude Oil in the COVID-19 Era," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(23), pages 1-22, November.
    12. Bhattacherjee, Purba & Mishra, Sibanjan & Kang, Sang Hoon, 2023. "Does market sentiment and global uncertainties influence ESG-oil nexus? A time-frequency analysis," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 86(PA).
    13. Le, TN-Lan & Abakah, Emmanuel Joel Aikins & Tiwari, Aviral Kumar, 2021. "Time and frequency domain connectedness and spill-over among fintech, green bonds and cryptocurrencies in the age of the fourth industrial revolution," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 162(C).
    14. Zhou, Wei & Gu, Qinen & Chen, Jin, 2021. "From volatility spillover to risk spread: An empirical study focuses on renewable energy markets," Renewable Energy, Elsevier, vol. 180(C), pages 329-342.
    15. Syed Kumail Abbas Rizvi & Bushra Naqvi & Nawazish Mirza, 2022. "Is green investment different from grey? Return and volatility spillovers between green and grey energy ETFs," Annals of Operations Research, Springer, vol. 313(1), pages 495-524, June.
    16. Billah, Mabruk & Amar, Amine Ben & Balli, Faruk, 2023. "The extreme return connectedness between Sukuk and green bonds and their determinants and consequences for investors," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 77(C).
    17. Karel Janda & Ladislav Kristoufek & Binyi Zhang, 2021. "Return and volatility spillovers between Chinese and U.S. Clean Energy Related Stocks: Evidence from VAR-MGARCH estimations," FFA Working Papers 4.001, Prague University of Economics and Business, revised 17 Jan 2022.
    18. Capucine Nobletz, 2021. "Return spillovers between green energy indexes and financial markets: a first sectoral approach," EconomiX Working Papers 2021-24, University of Paris Nanterre, EconomiX.
    19. Li, Hailing & Li, Yuxin & Zhang, Hua, 2023. "The spillover effects among the traditional energy markets, metal markets and sub-sector clean energy markets," Energy, Elsevier, vol. 275(C).
    20. Jiang, Yonghong & Wang, Jieru & Ao, Zhiming & Wang, Yujou, 2022. "The relationship between green bonds and conventional financial markets: Evidence from quantile-on-quantile and quantile coherence approaches," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 116(C).

    More about this item

    Keywords

    Gold; Oil; Stocks; Bond; Renewable energy market; GARCH; Hedging;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • G15 - Financial Economics - - General Financial Markets - - - International Financial Markets
    • Q43 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Energy - - - Energy and the Macroeconomy

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:spr:empeco:v:65:y:2023:i:2:d:10.1007_s00181-023-02358-1. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Sonal Shukla or Springer Nature Abstracting and Indexing (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.springer.com .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.