Review of Case Narratives from Fatal Overdoses Associated with Injectable Naltrexone for Opioid Dependence

Introduction An extended-release injectable naltrexone suspension (Vivitrol®) was approved in USA in 2010 for the prevention of relapse to opioid dependence. Concerns, raised at the time of approval, about rebound overdose risk following the last dose, have not been adequately studied. We sought to determine the time period of concern for fatal overdose associated with Vivitrol. Methods We performed a retrospective case review of Vivitrol spontaneous reports (October 2010–March 2016) in the US Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System via the Freedom of Information Act. Case narratives were manually reviewed to identify overdose deaths amongst current and former patients, extracting information on the time from discontinuation, followed by causality assessment. Results Narratives on 263 deaths and overdose-related outcomes were obtained. One hundred and forty-five death reports were assessed for causality. Among these reports, cause of death was unknown in 46%, while 52 fatal overdoses met the case definition. Of 52 overdoses, time between the last dose and death was known for 28; 22 (84.6%) occurred within 2 months of the last Vivitrol injection [median 46 days (interquartile range 29.5–82)]. The sponsor’s causality assessment in 75% of fatal overdoses repeated verbatim text that placed responsibility on underlying opioid dependence and precluded a link between medication and overdose or ignored rebound risk following treatment discontinuation. Conclusions Vivitrol adverse event reports suggest the need to investigate two months following the last medicine injection as a period of particular concern for overdose. A registry study would best quantify risk. Providers should report suspected post-discontinuation overdoses to government authorities.