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Tax expenditures jako ukryta forma wydatków publicznych

Author

Listed:
  • Ryta I. Dziemianowicz
  • Adam Wyszkowski
  • Renata Budlewska

Abstract

Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie istoty tax expenditures jako wydatków zaliczanych do tzw. off-budget expenditures oraz pokazanie konsekwencji budżetowych ich stosowania w Polsce. Realizacja tak sformułowanego celu wymagała przeprowadzenia porównań z zakresu teoretycznych koncepcji tax expenditures oraz praktycznych rozwiązań stosowanych przez poszczególne państwa. Przedmiotowa kategoria jako element prawnej konstrukcji podatku, zaliczana jest do grupy preferencji podatkowych. Służy, przez zmniejszenie lub całkowite ograniczenie zobowiązania podatkowego, realizacji określonych celów polityki podatkowej i jest często, ze względu na możliwość ukrycia i pominięcia w procedurze budżetowej, wykorzystywana przez polityków. Skupienie uwagi na tym aspekcie podatku jest szczególnie istotne w obecnej sytuacji budżetowej, kiedy duża grupa państw, w tym także Polska, boryka się z nierównowagą finansów publicznych i wzrastającym zadłużeniem. Ogólną wartość TEs w Polsce w 2011 r. oszacowano na poziomie 24,5 mld USD. Gdy porówna się tę kwotę do deficytu sektora finansów publicznych, wynoszącego w 2011 r. 19,0 mld USD, wyraźnie widać skalę wydatków realizowanych poza procedurą budżetową. W latach 2009–2011 udział TEs w wydatkach publicznych ogółem kształtował się w przedziale od 16,65 do 19,23%, a utratę dochodów budżetowych w wyniku ich zastosowania oszacowano na poziomie od 27,7 do 29,6% dochodów z podatków państwowych. Ta nie zawsze jawna część wydatków publicznych niestety wymyka się spod kontroli i skutecznie ogranicza możliwość prowadzenia odpowiedzialnej polityki fiskalnej.

Suggested Citation

  • Ryta I. Dziemianowicz & Adam Wyszkowski & Renata Budlewska, 2014. "Tax expenditures jako ukryta forma wydatków publicznych," Gospodarka Narodowa. The Polish Journal of Economics, Warsaw School of Economics, issue 3, pages 35-62.
  • Handle: RePEc:sgh:gosnar:y:2014:i:3:p:35-62
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Leonard E. Burman & Marvin Phaup, 2011. "Tax Expenditures, the Size and Efficiency of Government, and Implications for Budget Reform," NBER Working Papers 17268, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    2. Dirk-Jan Kraan, 2006. "Off-budget and Tax Expenditures," OECD Journal on Budgeting, OECD Publishing, vol. 4(1), pages 121-142.
    3. Adam Wyszkowski, 2010. "Koncepcja tax expenditures w systemie podatkowym," Gospodarka Narodowa. The Polish Journal of Economics, Warsaw School of Economics, issue 9, pages 65-82.
    4. Blank, Rebecca M., 2002. "Can equity and efficiency complement each other?," Labour Economics, Elsevier, vol. 9(4), pages 451-468, September.
    5. Burman, Leonard E., 2003. "Is the Tax Expenditure Concept Still Relevant?," National Tax Journal, National Tax Association;National Tax Journal, vol. 56(3), pages 613-627, September.
    6. Saez, Emmanuel, 2004. "The optimal treatment of tax expenditures," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 88(12), pages 2657-2684, December.
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    Cited by:

    1. Sygut Edyta, 2018. "Tax Exemptions in Excise Duty in the Context of Fiscal Efficiency," Financial Internet Quarterly (formerly e-Finanse), Sciendo, vol. 14(2), pages 47-57, June.

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    preferencje podatkowe; tax expenditures; ulgi; zwolnienia podatkowe;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • E6 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Macroeconomic Policy, Macroeconomic Aspects of Public Finance, and General Outlook
    • H2 - Public Economics - - Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue
    • H3 - Public Economics - - Fiscal Policies and Behavior of Economic Agents
    • H5 - Public Economics - - National Government Expenditures and Related Policies
    • H6 - Public Economics - - National Budget, Deficit, and Debt

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