Национальные Системы Электронных Денег С Разными Типами Аномалий

In this article we have analyzed features of national nontrivial systems of electronic money. We have defined three main anomalies of common case of the emission of electronic money in closed circulation system: (1) issuer of e-money differs from the bank monetizating of production; (2) purchasing power of electronic money is limited to group of goods/services; (3) issuer of e-money is coincided with trading enterprise. We have identified the presence or absence of the banking activity in each of nontrivial national systems of electronic money. We have shown three different interpretations of loading of a card depending on the nature of activity of the e-money issuer (issuer's institute): (1) if the loading of a card represents of the prepayment, e-money issuer operates as service provider (item 3.1); (2) if the loading of a card represents of the creation of deposit by issuer in bank, issuer of e-money operates as macro-economic customer of production (item 3.2); (3) if the loading of a card represents of the transfer of funds from bank to the issuer's institute, issuer of e-money operates as depository institute and monetary intermediary (items 1, 2). We have defined that some systems of electronic money are monetary systems (items 1, 2) while other systems aren't monetary systems (item 3).