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Implementing a Multilevel Index of Dissimilarity in R with a case study of the changing scales of residential ethnic segregation in England and Wales

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  • Richard Harris
  • Dewi Owen

Abstract

This paper introduces the Multilevel Index of Dissimilarity package, which provides tools and functions to fit a Multilevel Index of Dissimilarity in the open source software, R. It extends the conventional Index of Dissimilarity to measure both the amount and geographic scale of segregation, thereby capturing the two principal dimensions of segregation, unevenness and clustering. The statistical basis for the multilevel approach is discussed, making connections to other work in the field and looking especially at the relationships between the Index of Dissimilarity, variance as a measure of segregation, and the partitioning of the variance to identify scale effects. A brief tutorial for the package is provided followed by a case study of the scales of residential segregation for various ethnic groups in England and Wales. Comparing 2001 with 2011 Census data, we find that patterns of segregation are emerging at less localised geographical scales but the Index of Dissimilarity is falling. This is consistent with a process whereby minority groups have spread out into more ethnically mixed neighbourhoods.

Suggested Citation

  • Richard Harris & Dewi Owen, 2018. "Implementing a Multilevel Index of Dissimilarity in R with a case study of the changing scales of residential ethnic segregation in England and Wales," Environment and Planning B, , vol. 45(6), pages 1003-1021, November.
    • Handle: RePEc:sae:envirb:v:45:y:2018:i:6:p:1003-1021
    DOI: 10.1177/2399808317748328
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Richard Harris, 2014. "Measuring Changing Ethnic Separations in England: A Spatial Discontinuity Approach," Environment and Planning A, , vol. 46(9), pages 2243-2261, September.
    2. Seong-Yun Hong & David O'Sullivan & Yukio Sadahiro, 2014. "Implementing Spatial Segregation Measures in R," PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, vol. 9(11), pages 1-18, November.
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    4. David Manley & Ron Johnston & Kelvyn Jones & Dewi Owen, 2015. "Macro-, Meso- and Microscale Segregation: Modeling Changing Ethnic Residential Patterns in Auckland, New Zealand, 2001–2013," Annals of the American Association of Geographers, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 105(5), pages 951-967, September.
    5. Sean Reardon & John Yun & Tamela Eitle, 2000. "The changing structure of school segregation: Measurement and evidence of multiracial metropolitan-area school segregation, 1989–1995," Demography, Springer;Population Association of America (PAA), vol. 37(3), pages 351-364, August.
    6. Bates, Douglas & Mächler, Martin & Bolker, Ben & Walker, Steve, 2015. "Fitting Linear Mixed-Effects Models Using lme4," Journal of Statistical Software, Foundation for Open Access Statistics, vol. 67(i01).
    7. George Leckie & Harvey Goldstein, 2015. "A multilevel modelling approach to measuring changing patterns of ethnic composition and segregation among London secondary schools, 2001–2010," Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A, Royal Statistical Society, vol. 178(2), pages 405-424, February.
    8. Kelvyn Jones & Ron Johnston & David Manley & Dewi Owen & Chris Charlton, 2015. "Ethnic Residential Segregation: A Multilevel, Multigroup, Multiscale Approach Exemplified by London in 2011," Demography, Springer;Population Association of America (PAA), vol. 52(6), pages 1995-2019, December.
    9. Sean Reardon & Stephen Matthews & David O’Sullivan & Barrett Lee & Glenn Firebaugh & Chad Farrell & Kendra Bischoff, 2008. "The geographic scale of Metropolitan racial segregation," Demography, Springer;Population Association of America (PAA), vol. 45(3), pages 489-514, August.
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