Design as Collective Action

In this paper a model of the design process based on finite Markov processes is elaborated and extended in the context of a theory of collective action. The interpretation developed here is based on the notion that design is a process of social problem solving within a small group or collectivity, and specific comparisons between the Markov model and Coleman's (1966) theory of collective decisionmaking are thus possible. The paper is introduced by a brief summary of previous work in design methods, and previous presentations of the model by the author (Batty, 1974a; 1974b) are summarized. The main extension to this model involves disaggregating relationships within the design process into actor interests and control over factors or events, and this leads quite naturally to two associated Markov processes which are consistently and unambiguously related in the steady state. The model is then used to reinterpret Coleman's theory which is developed in terms of the value of control and power, and this leads to some oblique insights into the relationship between the two theories. To demonstrate the use of the model a problem of locating conservation areas in Waterloo County, Ontario, is simulated, with the emphasis on the speed of convergence of the process and the prior and posterior distributions of power in the system. A brief excursion into Monte Carlo simulation is presented to test whether or not the same results could be generated randomly; finally, conclusions for further research are drawn together.