IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/rjr/romjef/vy2016i4p115-134.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

On the Linkage between the International Crude Oil Price and Stock Markets: Evidence from the Nordic and Other European Oil Importing and Oil Exporting Countries

Author

Listed:
  • Murad A. BEIN

    (Department of Accounting and Finance, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Cyprus International University. Lefkosa, via Mersin 10, Turkey.)

  • Mehmet AGA

    (Department of Accounting and Finance, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Cyprus International University. Lefkosa, via Mersin 10, Turkey.)

Abstract

The paper investigates the interrelationship between the stock market and the crude oil price for the Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden) and two other European countries that have the highest imports (Germany) and exports (Russia) of oil using data from 1995 to the end of 2015. We found that the time-varying correlation among the oil exporting (importing) countries are different. We also found that the two oil exporting countries (Norway and Russia) have higher integration with the Brent and West Texas Intermediate (WTI) oil indices, which reveals that these markets are less attractive to international investors during periods of high turbulence. Furthermore, contrary to previous literature documenting negative relations between the stock market and crude oil, our results demonstrate that, although the negative association was evident up to the period prior to the global financial crisis (GFC), starting from the GFC period (especially for the oil importing countries), we noticed a positive time-varying relationship that continued until the end of our sample study. In addition, the time-varying correlation response was more pronounced during the financial market turmoil of 2015. Further, we investigated the two price indices (Brent and WTI) using the Markov regime-switching autoregressive (MRS-AR) approach to model periods of high volatility (turbulence) and low volatility (stable period). The Markov model revealed that in regime 0 (1998-2002, 2008-2009, and 2015), which can be characterized as the most volatile period for the oil market, the probability reached close to 1. We noticed that during the GFC and in the period prior to the GFC, the time-varying relationship was positive and at a higher level in high-volatility regimes, whereas during low-volatility regimes the time-varying relationship was negative and at a low level.

Suggested Citation

  • Murad A. BEIN & Mehmet AGA, 2016. "On the Linkage between the International Crude Oil Price and Stock Markets: Evidence from the Nordic and Other European Oil Importing and Oil Exporting Countries," Journal for Economic Forecasting, Institute for Economic Forecasting, vol. 0(4), pages 115-134, December.
    • Handle: RePEc:rjr:romjef:v::y:2016:i:4:p:115-134
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www.ipe.ro/rjef/rjef4_16/rjef4_2016p115-134.pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Drost, Feike C & Nijman, Theo E, 1993. "Temporal Aggregation of GARCH Processes," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 61(4), pages 909-927, July.
    2. Hilde C. Bjørnland, 2009. "Oil Price Shocks And Stock Market Booms In An Oil Exporting Country," Scottish Journal of Political Economy, Scottish Economic Society, vol. 56(2), pages 232-254, May.
    3. Filis, George & Degiannakis, Stavros & Floros, Christos, 2011. "Dynamic correlation between stock market and oil prices: The case of oil-importing and oil-exporting countries," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 20(3), pages 152-164, June.
    4. Hamilton, James D, 1989. "A New Approach to the Economic Analysis of Nonstationary Time Series and the Business Cycle," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 57(2), pages 357-384, March.
    5. Avdulaj, Krenar & Barunik, Jozef, 2015. "Are benefits from oil–stocks diversification gone? New evidence from a dynamic copula and high frequency data," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 51(C), pages 31-44.
    6. Backus, David K. & Crucini, Mario J., 2000. "Oil prices and the terms of trade," Journal of International Economics, Elsevier, vol. 50(1), pages 185-213, February.
    7. Hamilton, James D., 1990. "Analysis of time series subject to changes in regime," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 45(1-2), pages 39-70.
    8. Moore, Tomoe & Wang, Ping, 2014. "Dynamic linkage between real exchange rates and stock prices: Evidence from developed and emerging Asian markets," International Review of Economics & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 29(C), pages 1-11.
    9. Melike Bildirici & Özgür Ömer Ersin, 2014. "Nonlinearity, Volatility and Fractional Integration in Daily Oil Prices: Smooth Transition Autoregressive ST-FI(AP)GARCH Models," Journal for Economic Forecasting, Institute for Economic Forecasting, vol. 0(3), pages 108-135, October.
    10. Corina Saman, 2015. "Asymmetric Interaction between Stock Price Index and Exchange Rates: Empirical Evidence for Romania," Journal for Economic Forecasting, Institute for Economic Forecasting, vol. 0(4), pages 90-109, December.
    11. Robert F. Engle & Jose Gonzalo Rangel, 2008. "The Spline-GARCH Model for Low-Frequency Volatility and Its Global Macroeconomic Causes," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 21(3), pages 1187-1222, May.
    12. Park, Jungwook & Ratti, Ronald A., 2008. "Oil price shocks and stock markets in the U.S. and 13 European countries," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 30(5), pages 2587-2608, September.
    13. Bouri, Elie, 2015. "Oil volatility shocks and the stock markets of oil-importing MENA economies: A tale from the financial crisis," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 51(C), pages 590-598.
    14. Arouri, Mohamed El Hedi & Lahiani, Amine & Nguyen, Duc Khuong, 2011. "Return and volatility transmission between world oil prices and stock markets of the GCC countries," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 28(4), pages 1815-1825, July.
    15. Sadorsky, Perry, 1999. "Oil price shocks and stock market activity," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 21(5), pages 449-469, October.
    16. Jones, Charles M & Kaul, Gautam, 1996. "Oil and the Stock Markets," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 51(2), pages 463-491, June.
    17. Sadorsky, Perry, 2006. "Modeling and forecasting petroleum futures volatility," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 28(4), pages 467-488, July.
    18. Juan Reboredo, 2010. "Nonlinear effects of oil shocks on stock returns: a Markov-switching approach," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 42(29), pages 3735-3744.
    19. Reboredo, Juan C. & Rivera-Castro, Miguel A. & Ugolini, Andrea, 2016. "Downside and upside risk spillovers between exchange rates and stock prices," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 62(C), pages 76-96.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Sa Xu & Ziqing Du & Hai Zhang, 2020. "Can Crude Oil Serve as a Hedging Asset for Underlying Securities?—Research on the Heterogenous Correlation between Crude Oil and Stock Index," Energies, MDPI, vol. 13(12), pages 1-19, June.
    2. Dohyun CHUN & Hoon CHO & Doojin RYU, 2018. "Macroeconomic Structural Changes in a Leading Emerging Market: The Effects of the Asian Financial Crisis," Journal for Economic Forecasting, Institute for Economic Forecasting, vol. 0(2), pages 22-42, December.
    3. Slatina Enis & Lazović-Pita Lejla & Abdić Ademir & Abdić Adem, 2023. "The Relationship Between Oil Prices and Stock Prices of the European Renewable Energy Companies: A Vector Autoregressive Analysis," Naše gospodarstvo/Our economy, Sciendo, vol. 69(4), pages 1-11, December.
    4. Živkov, Dejan & Manić, Slavica & Gajić-Glamočlija, Marina, 2024. "How do precious and industrial metals hedge oil in a multi-frequency semiparametric CVaR portfolio?," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 72(C).
    5. Dejan Živkov & Jovan Njegiæ & Mirela Momèiloviæ, 2018. "Bidirectional spillover effect between Russian stock index and the selected commodities," Zbornik radova Ekonomskog fakulteta u Rijeci/Proceedings of Rijeka Faculty of Economics, University of Rijeka, Faculty of Economics and Business, vol. 36(1), pages 29-53.
    6. Sama Haddad, 2023. "Global Financial Market Integration: A Literature Survey," JRFM, MDPI, vol. 16(12), pages 1-27, November.
    7. Vítor Manuel de Sousa Gabriel & María Mar Miralles-Quirós & José Luis Miralles-Quirós, 2021. "Shades between Black and Green Investment: Balance or Imbalance?," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(9), pages 1-14, April.
    8. Daniel Ştefan Armeanu & Camelia Cătălina Joldeş & Ştefan Cristian Gherghina, 2019. "On the Linkage between the Energy Market and Stock Returns: Evidence from Romania," Energies, MDPI, vol. 12(8), pages 1-21, April.
    9. Rehman, Mobeen Ur & Nautiyal, Neeraj & Zeitun, Rami & Vo, Xuan Vinh & Ghardallou, Wafa, 2024. "Unraveling the multiscale comovement of green bonds and structural shocks: An oil-driven analysis," The North American Journal of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 72(C).

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Stavros Degiannakis & George Filis & Vipin Arora, 2018. "Oil Prices and Stock Markets: A Review of the Theory and Empirical Evidence," The Energy Journal, , vol. 39(5), pages 85-130, September.
    2. Mishra, Shekhar & Mishra, Sibanjan, 2021. "Are Indian sectoral indices oil shock prone? An empirical evaluation," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 70(C).
    3. Smyth, Russell & Narayan, Paresh Kumar, 2018. "What do we know about oil prices and stock returns?," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 57(C), pages 148-156.
    4. Kumar, Satish & Pradhan, Ashis Kumar & Tiwari, Aviral Kumar & Kang, Sang Hoon, 2019. "Correlations and volatility spillovers between oil, natural gas, and stock prices in India," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 62(C), pages 282-291.
    5. McMillan, David G. & Ziadat, Salem Adel & Herbst, Patrick, 2021. "The role of oil as a determinant of stock market interdependence: The case of the USA and GCC," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 95(C).
    6. Mensi, Walid & Al Rababa'a, Abdel Razzaq & Vo, Xuan Vinh & Kang, Sang Hoon, 2021. "Asymmetric spillover and network connectedness between crude oil, gold, and Chinese sector stock markets," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 98(C).
    7. Mushtaq Hussain Khan & Junaid Ahmed & Mazhar Mughal & Imtiaz Hussain Khan, 2023. "Oil price volatility and stock returns: Evidence from three oil‐price wars," International Journal of Finance & Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 28(3), pages 3162-3182, July.
    8. Basher, Syed Abul & Haug, Alfred A. & Sadorsky, Perry, 2017. "The impact of oil-market shocks on stock returns in major oil-exporting countries: A Markov-switching approach," MPRA Paper 81638, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    9. Hanan Naser & Fatema Alaali, 2018. "Can oil prices help predict US stock market returns? Evidence using a dynamic model averaging (DMA) approach," Empirical Economics, Springer, vol. 55(4), pages 1757-1777, December.
    10. Silvapulle, Param & Smyth, Russell & Zhang, Xibin & Fenech, Jean-Pierre, 2017. "Nonparametric panel data model for crude oil and stock market prices in net oil importing countries," Energy Economics, Elsevier, vol. 67(C), pages 255-267.
    11. Salisu, Afees A. & Isah, Kazeem O., 2017. "Revisiting the oil price and stock market nexus: A nonlinear Panel ARDL approach," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 66(C), pages 258-271.
    12. Shahrestani, Parnia & Rafei, Meysam, 2020. "The impact of oil price shocks on Tehran Stock Exchange returns: Application of the Markov switching vector autoregressive models," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 65(C).
    13. Khalfaoui, Rabeh & Sarwar, Suleman & Tiwari, Aviral Kumar, 2019. "Analysing volatility spillover between the oil market and the stock market in oil-importing and oil-exporting countries: Implications on portfolio management," Resources Policy, Elsevier, vol. 62(C), pages 22-32.
    14. Abid, Ilyes & Goutte, Stéphane & Guesmi, Khaled & Jamali, Ibrahim, 2019. "Transmission of shocks and contagion from U.S. to MENA equity markets: The role of oil and gas markets," Energy Policy, Elsevier, vol. 134(C).
    15. Chowdhury, Kushal Banik & Garg, Bhavesh, 2023. "Fresh evidence on the oil-stock interactions under heterogeneous market conditions," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 54(C).
    16. Isah Wada, 2019. "Dynamic Effects of Crude Oil Price Movements: a Sectoral Examination," Romanian Economic Journal, Department of International Business and Economics from the Academy of Economic Studies Bucharest, vol. 22(71), pages 17-28, March.
    17. Babak Fazelabdolabadi, 2019. "Uncertainty and energy-sector equity returns in Iran: a Bayesian and quasi-Monte Carlo time-varying analysis," Financial Innovation, Springer;Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, vol. 5(1), pages 1-20, December.
    18. Degiannakis, Stavros & Filis, George & Floros, Christos, 2013. "Oil and stock returns: Evidence from European industrial sector indices in a time-varying environment," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 26(C), pages 175-191.
    19. Siab Mamipour & Sanaz Yazdani & Elmira Sepehri, 2022. "Examining the spillover effects of volatile oil prices on Iran’s stock market using wavelet-based multivariate GARCH model," Journal of Economics and Finance, Springer;Academy of Economics and Finance, vol. 46(4), pages 785-801, October.
    20. Manel Youssef & Khaled Mokni, 2019. "Do Crude Oil Prices Drive the Relationship between Stock Markets of Oil-Importing and Oil-Exporting Countries?," Economies, MDPI, vol. 7(3), pages 1-22, July.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    oil price; oil importing; oil exporting volatility; financial crisis;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • C5 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Econometric Modeling
    • G1 - Financial Economics - - General Financial Markets
    • G12 - Financial Economics - - General Financial Markets - - - Asset Pricing; Trading Volume; Bond Interest Rates
    • G15 - Financial Economics - - General Financial Markets - - - International Financial Markets
    • Q4 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Energy

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:rjr:romjef:v::y:2016:i:4:p:115-134. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Corina Saman (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://edirc.repec.org/data/ipacaro.html .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.